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  • Chemistry  (11)
  • Protease
  • contraction
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1985-1989  (5)
  • 1975-1979  (1)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative studies of enzyme-substrate compartmentation, functional coupling and metabolic channelling in muscle cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 184 (1998), S. 291-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: creatine kinase ; mitochondria ; respiration ; contraction ; regulation ; thermodynamics ; compartmentation ; functional coupling ; metabolic channelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Some historical aspects of development of the concepts of functional coupling, metabolic channelling, compartmentation and energy transfer networks are reviewed. Different quantitative approaches, including kinetic and mathematical modeling of energy metabolism, intracellular energy transfer and metabolic regulation of energy production and fluxes in the cells in vivo are analyzed. As an example of the system with metabolic channelling, thermodynamic aspects of the functioning the mitochondrial creatine kinase functionally coupled to the oxidative phosphorylation are considered. The internal thermodynamics of the mitochondrial creatine kinase reaction is similar to that for other isoenzymes of creatine kinase, and the oxidative phosphorylation process specifically influences steps of association and dissociation of MgATP with the enzyme due to channelling of ATP from adenine nucleotide translocase. A new paradigm of muscle bioenergetics - the paradigm of energy transfer and feedback signaling networks based on analysis of compartmentation phenomena and structural and functional interactions in the cell is described. Analysis of the results of mathematical modeling of the compartmentalized energy transfer leads to conclusion that both calcium and ADP, which concentration changes synchronously in contraction cycle, may simultaneously activate oxidative phosphorylation in the muscle cells in vivo. The importance of the phosphocreatine circuit among other pathways of intracellular energy transfer network is discussed on the basis of the recent data published in the literature, with some experimental demonstration. The results of studies of perfused rat hearts with completely inhibited creatine kinase show significantly decreased work capacity and respectively, energy fluxes, in these hearts in spite of significant activation of adenylate kinase system (Dzeja et al. this volume). These results, combined with those of mathematical analysis of the energy metabolism of hearts of transgenic mice with switched off creatine kinase isoenzymes confirm the importance of phosphocreatine pathway for energy transfer for cell function and energetics in mature heart and many other types of cells, as one of major parts of intracellular energy transfer network and metabolic regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006828106322
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binders for higher-solids coatings. IV. Liquid-crystalline acrylic lacquers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 36 (1988), S. 141-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previously reported synthetic procedure was used to graft oligo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid (oligo-PHBA) to COOH-functional acrylic copolymers. Most of the products were side-chain LC copolymers. Length of the mesogenic oligo-PHBA groups averaged up to five aromatic rings per group. Because these long mesogenic groups have a strong tendency to form LC domains, it was possible to prepare LC side-chain copolymers having as little as 5 mol % of mesogenic monomer. Thus this synthetic procedure provides a versatile route for exploration of the properties of LC copolymers having relatively few but especially effective mesogenic groups. The potential utility of such LC copolymers as binders for nonbake coatings was assessed. Variables studied were molecular weight and Tg of the acrylic copolymer backbone, number and average length of oligo-PHBA segments, and the presence or absence of a flexible spacer between the acrylic backbone and the PHBA segments. Optimum LC copolymers have moderate (15,000-30,000) Mn, low (-10°C) backbone Tg, and low (5-7.5 mol %) population of long (5 PHBA units) oligo-PHBA units. Such copolymers have two major advantages as coatings binders: They form concentrated, stable, low-viscosity dispersions in common solvents, a very desirable characteristic for application. Coating films have excellent adhesion to metal, and they have an extraordinary combination of hardness (H-2H) and impact resistance (〉 80 in. Ib). These properties are key indicators of coating performance and indicate that LC copolymers have excellent potential for use as binders for nonbake coatings. Other properties remain to be investigated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070360112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymers of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB). I. A general method for grafting mesogenic oligo-PHB to oligomers (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 (1987), S. 1109-1125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for grafting oligo-(p-hydroxybenzoic acid) to carboxyl-functional oligomers or polymers to give copolymers having mesogenic side chains was developed. The method employs dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to promote esterification of PHB at mild temperatures and to remove water. Pyridine is used as solvent, and catalytic amounts of p-TSA are added to suppress side reactions. Grafting efficiencies are estimated to range from 74 to 90%. Ungrafted oligo-PHB and other by-products are readily removed. Structure assignments were supported by IR,1H-NMR, GPC, DSC and model compound studies. The method appears capable of grafting oligo-PHB side chains to any pyridine soluble oligomer or polymer having carboxyl groups and no other reactive groups that could interfere.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1987.080250417
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High solids-content nanosize polymer latexes made by microemulsion polymerization (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 1075-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer nanoparticles were prepared from monomers such as styrene (St), butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA) using a modified microemulsion polymerization process. With this process high polymer: surfactant weight ratios (7 : 1 or greater), relatively concentrated (10-30 wt.-%) latexes and small (10-20 nm) particle diameters were attained. Nucleation mechanisms were investigated through observations of the particle size change during the polymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological behavior of solutions of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers in mixed solvents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1927-1938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A descriptive model was developed, using viscometry and light scattering, that explains the anomalous rheological behavior of solutions of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers upon the addition of water. The rheological behavior can be explained by considering the relative magnitudes of three interactions: the intra-and intermolecular electrostatic interactions between the ionizable acid groups in the copolymer, the intramolecular hydrophobic in-teractions, and the intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. The initial addition of water enhances the ionization of the acid groups, causing the electrostatic interactions between the acid groups to dominate the other two interactions. This leads to expansion of the polymer molecules and, consequently, to a relatively constant viscosity during dilution with water. Upon attaining the maximum ionization of the acid groups on the chain, the intra-molecular hydrophobic interactions dominate the electrostatic repulsion, and the chains start to contract. Further addition of water leads to aggregation of the polymer chains into large polymolecular domains, resulting in a sharp decrease in the viscosity. Intermolecular hydrophobic interactions dominate the rheological behavior in this stage of water dilution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    End-grafting of oligoesters based on terephthalic acid and linear diols for high solids coatings (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1609-1618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oligomers derived from terephthalic acid and 1,6-hexanediol or 1,10-decanediol have been chemically modified through end-grafting with succinic anhydride or trimellitic anhydride followed by glycidyl neodecanoate. The grafted oligomers are paste-like semisolids or viscous liquids at room temperature. As the grafted oligomers are heated, their viscosity goes down to a minimum, then up to a maximum, and then down again. Combined DSC, crossed polarizing microscopy, and wide-angle x-ray diffraction indicate that the grafted oligomers form crystalline domains dispersed in amorphous phase. The grafted oligomers are soluble in common organic solvents, such as toluene, at lower concentrations (〈14-51 wt %) and form stable dispersions at higher concentrations. High solid coatings formulated with mel-amine or isocyanate resins gave glossy films with excellent combined hardness and impact resistance. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C-NMR studies of commercial and partially self-condensed hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM) resins (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1237-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to study the linkages in three commercial fully methylocated melamine-formaldehyde (HMMM) resins and their partially self-condensed resins by acid catalysis, in order to probe the structures linking melamine units. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) experiments show that the partially self-condensed resins contain both methylene ether and methylene linkages between melamine units. The extent of these linkages were estimated by quantitative 13C-NMR spectroscopy using inverse gated decoupling techniques. The results show that the ratios of methylene ether and methylene linkages to the triazine moiety vary from resin to resin. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers for high-solids enamel coatings (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 1063-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carboxyl functional liquid crystalline (LC) acrylic copolymers were synthesized and were compared with carboxyl functional control copolymers of M̄n about 5000-15,000. Both types were crosslinked with a hexakismethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM) resin at 150°C, a temperature below the clearing points of the LC copolymers. Birefringent phases were visible in the crosslinked films made from LC polymers. FT-IR indicated the presence of unreacted COOH in all crosslinked materials. Unreacted COOH groups in crosslinked LC copolymers appeared only slightly higher than those in crosslinked amorphous copolymers. The potential utility of these LC copolymers as binders for thermosetting coatings was assessed. Variables studied were HMMM content, the length of PHBA grafts, Tg and M̄n of the acrylic copolymer backbone, and functionality. Optimum LC copolymers have low backbone Tg (〈O°C) and low functionality (〈 7.5 mol %). Cured films of such copolymers have both high hardness (〉 35 KHN), high impact resistance (〉 80 in. ib), excellent adhesion, and good solvent resistance.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370418
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C-NMR-Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung von Polysacchariden und deren MethylderivatenDiese Arbeit gilt als 6. Mitteilung der Reihe Strukturuntersuchungen an Polysacchariden; (5. Mitteilung s. Lit. 1). (1979)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 13C NMR spectra of some polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives have been analysed. The numbers and positions of the assigned 13C NMR signals give some information about the structure of the monomer unit and the positions of the glycosidic linkage but no information about the anomeric configuration. In this case the 1J(C-1, H) coupling constants make it possible to identify the anomeric configuration, because the mean differences of the J values for the α- and β-anomers are 12 Hz (at least 5 Hz) with the higher values for the α-anomers.
    Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren einer Reihe von Polysacchariden und ihrer Methylderivate wurden aufgenommen, zugeordnet und für die methylierten Polysaccharide außerdem die Kopplungskonstanten 1J(CH) bestimmt. An Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß die Zahl der 13C-Signale und deren Lage im Spektrum Aussagen über den Aufbau der Polysaccharide, sowie über die Verknüpfungsstellen der glykosidischen Bindung gestatten. Während aus den Signallagen die anomere Konfiguration nicht eindeutig zu ermitteln ist, gelingt dies bei den methylierten Polysacchariden mit Hilfe der Kopplungskonstanten 1J(C-1, H); diese weisen Unterschiede von durchschnittlich 12 Hz (aber mindestens 5 Hz) zwischen den α- und β-Anomeren auf, wobei die gröβeren Werte den α-Anomeren entsprechen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270120410
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete assignment of the 13C and 1H NMR spectra of thyrsiferyl acetate (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 27 (1989), S. 792-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Thyrsiferol ; Thyrsiferyl acetate ; NOE ; Spectral assignments ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The assignment of all reasonances in the 13C and 1H NMR spectra of thyrsiferyl acetate has been made through the application of 2D NMR experiments, together with the use of difference NOE spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260270812
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