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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CuGaSe2 solar cells with 9.7% power conversion efficiency (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 72.70; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Heterojunctions, such as ZnO/CdS/CuGaSe2, were fabricated for photovoltaic applications. Optimization of device structures based on monocrystalline CuGaSe2 led to the highest-to-date power conversion efficiencies for CuGaSe2 solar cells. At room temperature under 100 mW/cm2 AM1.5 illumination a maximum cell efficiency of 9.7% was achieved, given by an open-circuit voltage of 946 mV, a short circuit current density of 15.5 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 66.5%. Preparation and performance of the optimum device are described. Current voltage characteristics dependent on illumination intensity and temperature, spectral response and electron-beam-induced current measurements were performed to determine the device parameters as well as to analyse the current transport and loss mechanisms. Tunneling, assisted by defect levels in the CdS layer, seems to play a major role. High injection effects are observed at forward bias of V〉0.5 V or an illumination level of P〉10 mW/cm2. Under such conditions, as well as at low temperatures, the non-zero series resistance comes into play. Effects of the shunt resistance, however, are negligible in all cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050282
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drei parasitische Flechten aufCaloplaca polycarpoides (1987)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 155 (1987), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichens ; Caloplaca polycarpoides ; Lecania triseptata ; L. diplococca ; Rinodina afghanica ; New taxa of parasitical lichens ; morphology ; Flora of Afghanistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract No less than 3 different parasitical lichens were found on the corticolous lichenCaloplaca polycarpoides in Afghanistan. Partly, they also grow on closely allied species of the sect.Xanthoriella. Lecania triseptata begins and ends as a typical parasite, and does not form a thallus outside of its host.L. diplococca andRinodina afghanica, both described as new species, have a similar appearance; they are parasitic in the beginning, but form their own thalli outside the host later on. The 3 species are members of the small group of parasitical lichens growing on corticolous hosts. Possibly, the slow degeneration of cortices under the arid climatical conditions, has allowed the evolution of parasitic lichens of this rare type in Central Asia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936295
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling behavior of dynamic correlation effects (1998)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 70 (1998), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: dynamic correlation effects ; perturbation theory ; MBPT ; multireference perturbation theory ; scaling theory ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present an analytical estimate of the intrinsic errors of second-order perturbation theory in the complete basis set limit in the framework a scaling theory, which employs the maximal “sharpness” of the orbitals in a given basis set, quantified by the average momentum, as its fundamental variable. We find that the intrinsic errors of second-order perturbation theory fall with the third inverse power of the maximal momentum representable in the basis set, while the basis set truncation errors fall with the second inverse power of the momentum. These analytical arguments are verified in a numerical investigation employing distributed basis sets of up to 600 orbitals for the helium atom, water, and ethene. Extending our analysis to generic multireference perturbation theory (MRPT) we find that the leading contribution for the relaxation of the orthogonal complement of the zero-order wave function in the primary space scales with the same power as the leading overall perturbative correction, which yields an analytical argument for the perturbation inclusion of such feedback effects in the formulation of efficient versions of MRPT.   © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 70: 147-157, 1998
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined atomic force-, friction force- and local elasticity microscopy on ReS2 crystals: Surface topography and material contrastDedicated to Professor K. Dransfeld on the occasion of his emeritation. (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Crystal surfaces of the layered dichalcogenide semiconductor rehenium disulphide (ReS2) grown by the vapour-phase transport technique were investigated by combined atomic force microscopy (AFM), lateral (—friction) force microscopy (LFM) and force modulation (—local elasticity) microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-grown crystals exhibit atomically flat surfaces, on which circular islands with a typical diameter of 0.3 μm and a height of 30-50 nm have grown. While AFM only yields the topographic information, the simultaneously recorded lateral force and force modulation images give a clear material contrast, showing that on the islands the lateral forces are higher and the local elasticity is lower than on the bare ReS2 surface. The dependence of both the topographic and the lateral force images on the scanning direction is investigated. The results indicate that during crystal growth a different material, presumably ReBr3, has segregated on the surface of the ReS2 crystals. It is demonstrated that AFM in combination with LFM and force modulation microscopy can provide information on the composition of heterogeneous samples as well as the local mechanical properties of the different components.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230611
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