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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of grain-boundary structure in Al–Cu interconnects (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 2383-2392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The role of crystallographic texture in electromigration resistance of interconnect lines is well documented. The presence of a strong (111) fiber texture results in a more reliable interconnect structure. It is also generally accepted that grain-boundary diffusion is the primary mechanism by which electromigration failures occur. It has been difficult to this point, however, to obtain statistically reliable information of grain-boundary structure in these materials as transmission electron microscopy investigations are limited by tedious specimen preparation and small, nonrepresentative, imaging regions. The present work focuses upon characterization of texture and grain-boundary structure of interconnect lines using orientation imaging microscopy, and particularly, upon the linewidth dependence of these measures. Conventionally processed Al–1%Cu lines were investigated to determine the affects of a postpatterning anneal on boundary structure as a function of linewidth. It was observed that texture tended to strengthen slightly with decreasing linewidth subsequent to the anneal procedure. Grain morphology changed substantially as the narrow lines became near bamboo in character and the crystallographic character of the boundary plane changed as a function of linewidth. These results are contrasted with those obtained from Al–1%Cu lines, which were fabricated using the damascene process. The damascene lines show a marked weakening in texture as the linewidth decreases, accompanied by a more random misorientation distribution. A description of the competing energetics, which result in the observed microstructures, is included. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365763
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 381 (1996), S. 607-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We start with the basic assumption that an image, I(x,y), can be represented in terms of a linear superposition of (not necessarily orthogonal) basis functions, fa(x,y): I(x,y) - aifa(x,y) (1) The image code is determined by the choice of basis functions, fa. The coefficients, ai9 are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/381607a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responsibility for nuclear weapons (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 285 (1980), S. 186-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - Despite rising international tension there is little public debate about Britain's policy on nuclear and other modern weapons, especially in comparison with the impassioned campaigns for and against nuclear energy. And yet while nuclear energy is at worst a long-term threat to the quality of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/285186d0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The focal point method for solving systems of linear equations (1985)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 36 (1985), S. 24-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vektor Projektions Methode zur Lösung linearer Gleichungssysteme ist darauf begründet, daß jede Gleichung eine Hyperebene definiert und daß die Berechnung der Projektionspunkte linear ist. Wie bei der Gauss'schen Eliminierung wird die Anzahl der Multiplikationen durch ein kubisches Polynom mit höchstem Koeffizientenn 3/3 beschrieben. Zwei Vorteile der neuen Methode sind, daß nur etwan 2/4 Speicherplätze benötigt werden, und daß Null-Koeffizienten im Gleichungsystem erhalten bleiben. Damit kann die Anzahl der Rechenoperationen bei dünnbesetzten Matrizen erheblich reduziert werden. Die gute Genauigkeit des neuen Verfahrens wird am Beispiel der numerischen Inversion von Hilbert-Matrizen verschiedener Größe gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract The Focal Point method of solving systems of linear equations is based on the linearity of matrix transformations and the fact that each equation in the system defines a hyperplane of solutions. As with Gaussian elimination the number of multiplications is a cubic polynomial inn with leading coefficientn 3/3. Some of the benefits of this new method are that it needs approximatelyn 2/4 storage registers and that the zeroes of the system are preserved. Thus for sparse systems the operation count can be significantly reduced. Numerical examples using initial segments of the Hilbert matrix demonstrate that this new method can be very accurate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00949031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Experimental Investigation of Grain Boundary Structure Effects on Grain Growth (1996)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 204-206 (Mar. 1996), p. 735-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/01/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.204-206.735.pdf
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algorithms for determining invertible two- and three-dimensional quadratic isoparametric finite element transformations (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 789-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm which determines the invertibility of any planar, triangular quadratic isoparametric finite element transformation. Extensions of the algorithm to three-dimensional isoparametric finite element transformations yield conditions which guarantee invertibility of 10-node tetrahedra and 8-node bricks. The mathematical basis for the algorithm focuses on the Jacobian as a continuous function defined over a compact set where the Jacobian attains a maximum and a minimum value. The algorithm then determines whether these values are of opposite sign.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620190602
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An apporach to automatic three-dimensional finite element mesh generation (1985)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 329-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recently developed solid modelling systems for the design of complex physical solids using interactive computer graphics offer the exciting possibility of an integrated design/analysis system. Called geometric modellers, these systems build complex solids from primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, spheres, solid patches, etc.) and macro solids (combination of primitives)3, 4, 8, 16, 18, 25, 38. To provide an effective structural analysis capability for these systems, methods must be devised to ease the burden of discretizing the solid geometry into a user controlled (usually locally graded) finite element mesh. The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive solid mesh generation system capable of generating valid meshes of well-proportional tetrahedral finite elements for the decomposition of multiply connected solid structures. The system uses a semi-automatic node insertion procedure to locate element node points within and on the surface of a structure. An independent automatic three-dimensional triangulator then accepts these nodes as input and connects them to form a valid finite element mesh oftetrahedral elements. Although this report makes use of a modeller based on a constructive solid geometry representation (a so-called CSG modeller), the mesh generation strategy elaborated herein is completely general and makes no particular use of the CSG representation.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620210210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural improvement of planar triangulations: Some constraints and practical issues (1995)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: triangulations ; mesh relaxation ; computational geometry ; planar mesh generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in planar mesh generation of arbitrary domains incorporate methods for placing points as well as connecting them into a triangulation. Postprocessing techniques such as Laplacian smoothing and mesh relaxation enhance the shape of triangles in these meshes but do not address the construction of meshes near boundaries or provide a criterion to determine the number of interior points of the initial triangulation. The paper addresses these issues by investigating the construction of degree-6 triangulations, the primary goal of the mesh relaxation method.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1640110302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laplacian smoothing and Delaunay triangulations (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 4 (1988), S. 709-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0748-8025
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In contrast to most triangulation algorithms which implicitly assume that triangulation point locations are fixed, ‘Laplacian’ smoothing focuses on moving point locations to improve triangulation. Laplacian smoothing is attractive for its simplicity but it does require an existing triangulation. In this paper the effect of Laplacian smoothing on Delaunay triangulations is explored. It will become clear that constraining Laplacian smoothing to maintain a Delaunay triangulation measurably improves Laplacian smoothing.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630040603
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Recent advances in the application of orientation imaging (1997)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-3991
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2723
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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