ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: T ABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1Introduction. - I. A Historical Overview of Nitrogen Study in the Sea. - A. Determination of Nitrogenaus Compounds in the Sea. - B. Biological Transformation of Nitrogen. - C. Stoichiometric Model of Organic Matter Mineralization. - D. Natural 15N Abundance. - lI. The Nitrogen Cycle. - Chapter 2 Physicochemical Properties of Nitrogen. - I. Properties of the Nitrogen Atom and Bonding. - lI. Thermodynamic Functions of Nitrogen. - III. Biogeochemical Sketch of Nitrogen. - Chapter 3 Nitrogen Isotopes. - I. Genesis of Isotopes of Light Elements. - II. Isotope Abundance and Fractionation. - III. Isotopic Exchange Reactions. - IV. Kinetic Isotope Effects. - V. Overall Isotopic Fractionation. - A. One-Step Reaction. - B. Unidirectional Two-Step Reaction at a Steady State. - C. Two-Step Reaction with a Reversible First Step at a Steady State. - D. Three-Step Reactions. - E. Multistep Reactions. - VI. Isotopic Exchange Equilibria of Nitrogen. - VII. Nitrogen Kinetic Isotope Effects During Nitrate Reduction. - A. Chemical Systems. - B. Biological Systems. - VIII. Isotope Fractionation in Branched Reactions and its Ecological Significance. - IX. Isotope Mass Balance in Marine Ecosystems. - A. Two-Source Model. - B. Three-Source Model. - Chapter 4 Components, Systems, and Processes. - I. Nitrogenous Compounds in the Sea: Abundance, Sources, and Sink. - lI. Physical Factors. - A. Water Movement and Mixing of Water. - B. Solar Radiation. - C. Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Chemical and Biochemical Reactions. - 1. Case 1: k2〉〉k3. - 2. Case 2: k3〉〉k2. - D. Nitrogen Supply by River Runoff and Precipitation. - III. Chemical Factors. - A. Chemical Behavior of Nitrogenaus Compounds in the Sea. - B. Hydrogen Ion Concentration. - C. Oxidation-Reduction Potential. - IV. Biochemical Processes. - A. Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation. - B. Mineralization. - C. Nitrification. - D. Nitrate Respiration and Denitrification. - E. N2 Fixation. - Chapter 5 Abundance and Distribution of Nitrogen in the Sea and Their Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Regulation. - I. Roles of the Ocean in the Global Nitrogen Cycle. - A. The Buildup of the Biogeochemical Cycle. - B. Nitrogen Inventories. - C. Nitrogen Budgets. - lI. Dissolved Nitrogen Gas. - A. Atmospheric Pressure. - B. Occlusion of Air Bubbles. - C. Effect of Mixing of Different Water Masses. - D. Biological Effects. - III. Ammonium, Nitrite, and Nitrate. - A. Distribution of Ammonium. - B. Distribution of Nitrite. - C. Distribution of Nitrate. - IV. Nitrous Oxide. - V. Urea. - VI. Other Nitrogenous Compounds in a Water Column. - VII. Nitrogen Uptake by Phytoplankton. - VIII. Mechanism of Formation of the Primary Nitrite Maximum. - A. Nitrification in the Sea. - B. Nitrite Production from Nitrate by Microalgae. - C. Nitrite Assimilation. - D. Formation of the Primary Nitrite Maximum. - Chapter 6 Nitrogen Dynamics in Various Oceanic Systems. - I. High Latitudinal Areas Rich in Nitrate. - II. Oligotrophic Areas. - A. Kuroshio Area. - B. Anticyclonic Gyre Off Shikoku. - Ill. Subtropical and Tropical Areas with Supply of Nitrate. - A. Upwelling Region. - B. Regional Upwelling. - l. The Frontal Margin of Oceanic Currents. - 2. Oceanic Eddy. - 3. Vortex Motion Around Islands. - IV. Sea Areas Where Nitrogen Fixation Occurs. - A. Trichodesmium Ecosystems. - B. Local Ecosystems Characterized by N2 Fixation. - 1. Coral Reefs. - 2. Seagrass Meadows and Salt Marshes. - V. Subsurface Ecosystems. - A. Decomposition of Organic Matter in the Subsurface Water. - B. Nitrogen Diagenesis in Sediments. - VI. Sea Areas Where Denitrification Occurs. - A. Denitrification in the Subsurface Water. - 1. Eastern Tropical North Pacific. - B. Marine Sediments. - 1. Coastal Sediments. - 2. Pelagic Sediment. - VII. Near Shore and Estuarine Systems. - A. Flooded Soil Ecosystems. - B. Tokyo Bay. - Chapter 7 Variation of 15N/14N in Nitrogen Cycling and Its Significance in Marine Environments. - I. Isotope Fractionation in the Nitrogen Cycle. - A. Isotope Exchange Reactions. - B. Fractionation in Biological Metabolic Processes. - II. Distribution of 15N in Nature. - A. General Patterns of 15N Distribution. - B. 15N in Antarctica. - C. 15N Abundance and the Biogeochemical Cycle. - D. [Delta]15N of Plants and Their Nitrogen Sources. - 1. Exchange-Reaction-Controlled Ecosystems. - 2. Enzyme-Controlled Ecosystems. - 3. Kinetically Controlled Ecosystems. - 4. Substrate-Controlled Ecosystems. - III. Integrated Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation in Ecosystems. - A. Enrichment of 15N in a Feeding Process. - B. [Delta]15N-[Delta]13C Relationships. - IV. Marine Ecosystems. - A. Phytoplankton and Particulate Organic Matter. - 1. Regional Characteristics of 15N Abundance of Phytoplankton. - 2. A Case Study in the Boreal Area. - 3. Geographical Variation of 15N Abundance in POM. - B. The Area Characterized by N2 Fixation. - C. Isotope Biogeochemistry of the Antarctic Ecosystem. - D. Denitrification in the Marine Aquatic System as lnvestigated Based on 15N Abundance Data. - E. 15N and 13C Abundance in River, Estuarine, and Coastal Areas. - 1. 15N and 13C Distribution in the Otsuchi River Watershed. - 2. Origin of Organic Matter in Bay Sediments. - F. Seabird Rockeries. - G. The Deep-Sea World. - H. Animal Behavior. - Chapter 8 Future Studies on Nitrogen Dynamics. - I. Human Impingement on the Nitrogen Cycle in Marine Systems. - A. Long-Term Effects. - B. Short-Term Effects. - II. A New Paradigm. - A. Isotope Biogeochemistry. - B. From Components to Systems. - References.