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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The escape strategy of green lacewings from orb webs (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Chrysopidae ; Araneidae ; lacewings ; spiders ; orb webs ; escape behavior ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fly into spider orb webs, they often simply reverse their flight direction and pull away (Table I). If a lacewing is trapped, it uses a specialized escape behavior. It first cuts away the sticky strands entangling head, feet, and antennae. If an antenna cannot be freed by tugging, it uses an “antenna climb” (Fig. 5A). After its body is free, the lacewing remains suspended by its hair-covered wings, which are held in a characteristic cruciform position (Fig. 5B). Orb web sticky strands adhere poorly to the hairy wings (Fig. 7), so the chrysopid may just wait until the strands slide off and it falls free. If placed in an orb web when the spider is at the web hub and ready to attack, a lacewing usually does not have time to escape (Fig. 1). When the spider is at the hub but eating, the chances of escape improve, and when the spider is away from the hub attacking other prey, nearly all lacewings in our experiment were able to escape. This finding emphasizes the importance of the spider's activity in its capture success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417908
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleochemistry of manganese in corals from the Galapagos Islands (1991)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 10 (1991), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 550 measurements of Mn/Ca ratios in three corals from the western Galapagos Islands have been performed to reconstruct a 380-year history of surface ocean variability with respect to this trace element. The time period studied encompasses 1600 A.D. to 1978. Manganese is inferred to be lattice-bound in coralline aragonite at 10–50% of its seawater proportion to calcium; uncertainty about the distribution coefficient stems from inherent variability of oceanic Mn in nearshore settings. Interannual variations at Urvina Bay, Isabela Island are generally small, with the exception of a few decades during the nineteenth century. A large positive Mn/Ca anomaly found between 1821–1830 is hypothesized to have resulted from a major volcanic eruption on nearby Fernandina Island in 1825. On intrannual timescales a pronounced cycle occurs in response to seasonal upwelling. Quarterly changes in Mn/Ca are six months out-of-phase with Cd/Ca variations-a reflection of the opposite distributions of these metals in the upper waters of the eastern Pacific. High frequency reconstructions over brief time intervals from the 17th, 18th, and 20th century reveal that the seasonal onset of warm and cool phases near Galapagos has persisted for at least 340 years. A quantitative assessment of historical changes in upwelling intensity is complicated by offsets in background Mn levels recorded by different corals. One apparent longterm feature is an overall decline in skeletal Mn concentrations from 1600–1978 which results in a net decrease of 20–30%. Several possible explanations exist for this trend, ranging from accumulation of a persistent diagenetic Mn phase in fossil aragonite to a temporal shift in oceanic/atmospheric Mn fluxes reaching the surface waters of the Galapagos Islands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571827
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis in Bacillus sphaericus (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Translational lacZ fusions to the promoters of the parasporal, crystal protein (binary toxin) and 100-kDa ADP-ribosylating mosquitocidal toxin genes of Bacillus sphaericus were prepared and expression of the toxin genes monitored as β-galactosidase activity. Transcription of the crystal protein gene fusion began immediately before the end of exponential growth and continued into stationary phase in both B. sphaericus and Bacillus subtilis but accompanied exponential-phase growth in Escherichia coli. Expression of this fusion was severley delayed in a B. subtilis spo0A mutant and decreased relative to the wild type in a B. subtilis spoIIAC background. β-Galactosidase activity from the 100-kDa toxin gene fusion was restricted to early exponential phase in B. sphaericus, but in B. subtilis it continued into late exponential phase. Expression was about eightfold lower in B. sphaericus than B. subtilis suggesting an element of negative control in the native host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis in Bacillus sphaericus (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Translational lacZ fusions to the promoters of the parasporal, crystal protein (binary toxin) and 100-kDa ADP-ribosylating mosquitocidal toxin genes of Bacillus sphaericus were prepared and expression of the toxin genes monitored as β-galactosidase activity. Transcription of the crystal protein gene fusion began immediately before the end of exponential growth and continued into stationary phase in both B. sphaericus and Bacillus subtilis but accompanied exponential-phase growth in Escherichia coli. Expression of this fusion was severely delayed in a B. subtilis spoOA mutant and decreased relative to the wild type in a B. subtilis spoIIAC background. β-Galactosidase activity from the 100-kDa toxin gene fusion was restricted to early exponential phase in B. sphaericus, but in B.subtilis it continued into late exponential phase. Expression was about eightfold lower in B. sphaericus than b. subtilis suggesting an element of negative control in the native host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172830
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis from Bacillus sphaericus using gene fusions (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus sphaericus ; biological control ; fermentation ; gene control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract β-Galactosidase gene fusions have been used to monitor the progress of mosquito-larvicidal-toxin gene expression in Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362. β-Galactosidase estimation in cells from late-growth-phase batch cultures was compared with larvicidal toxicity after incubation for 48 h. Conditions which promoted efficient sporulation, such as plentiful trace elements and relatively crude protein sources (soybean or cottonseed flours), enhanced reporter gene expression and provided high toxicity. However, acetate, which repressed sporulation, similarly repressed binary toxin yield. Gene fusions to the binary and 100-kDa toxin genes of B. sphaericus could be useful for the rapid screening of fermentation conditions for the local production of this larvicidal bacterium but, in view of the poor correlation with toxicity at high toxicity levels, such experiments should be confirmed with bioassays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327790
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  • 6
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    Regulation of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis in Bacillus sphaericus (1995)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Regulation of mosquitocidal toxin synthesis in Bacillus sphaericus (1995)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    Paleochemistry of manganese in corals from the Galapagos Islands (1991)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0722-4028
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0975
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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