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  • Chemistry  (238)
  • 1995-1999  (111)
  • 1990-1994  (123)
  • 1905-1909  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Ozonolysis ; Cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes ; Dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes ; Thermolysis ; Photolysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes by Ozonolysis of Cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes on PolyethyleneOzonolyses of symmetrical (1b - d) and of unsymmetrical cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes (8a, b) afforded the dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes 4b - d and 9a, b, respectively. Their thermal decompositions gave mixtures of the cyclic ketones (3) and lactones (6). Photolyses afforded in addition to 3 and 6 the cyclic anhydrides 13, which are isomeric with the corresponding dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 8 (1996), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantioseparations ; carrageenans ; sulfated polysaccharides ; beta blockers ; tryptophan and derivatives ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lambda-carrageenan, a linear high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide, has been employed as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for the separation of enantiomers of weakly basic pharmaceutical compounds. The racemic compounds that were enantioresolved included propranolol, pindolol, tryptophanol, laudanosine and laudanosoline. In addition, the diastereomeric pair of cinchonine and cinchonidine were also resolved. Method conditions such as buffer pH, electrolyte concentration, column temperature, and chiral selector concentration were found to be important for improvement of enantioselectivity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: deuterium labelling ; menthocitronellol ; citronellol ; enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS) ; dynamic headspace analysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mechanistic aspects of the biogenesis of the chiral monoterpenoid rose oxide in Pelargonium graveolens L'Héritier are investigated using deuterium-labelled precursors. After administration of the precursors using the cut-stem method, the dynamic headspace extracts of the plants are analysed using multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS). It is unequivocally shown that this plant is able to convert citronellol and menthocitronellol into cis-/trans-rose oxide. Menthocitronellol is converted into rose oxide with a clearly detectable enantiodiscrimination. These facts may be explained with the presence of an oxidase, which is able to oxidize citronellol and menthocitronellol in allylic position. A photooxygenation mechanism including singlet oxygen as the oxidizing agent is rather unlikely. Chirality 10:229-237, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 333-338 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the use of a capacitance tomography system for imaging gas bubbles in a fluidized bed in the vicinity of an air distributor plate. The results show how the solid concentration distribution varies as a function of time for three different flow regimes: bubbling, slugging and the transition to turbulent. Bubble shape, Length and coalesence can be observed. A method of spatial correlation to elucidate the bubble formation process is described.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; enantiomer ; stereoselectivity ; chiral inversion ; pharmacokinetics ; dog ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Inversion of inactive (R)-ibuprofen to active (S)-ibuprofen has been suggested to occur presystemically only. In order to investigate the site of inversion in dogs we administered both enantiomers either intravenously or intraduodenally (10 mg/kg) to adult, male beagle dogs (n = 3) in a crossover design. Plasma, urine, and bile were collected for up to 6 h and analyzed stereospecifically by HPLC, according to a previously published method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a linear computer program. Absorption after intraduodenal administration occurred rapidly, resulting in maximum plasma concentrations 0.2 h after giving the enantiomer. Approximately 70% of the (R)-enantiomer (according to AUC) was inverted to the S-enantiomer independent of route of administration. No R-ibuprofen could be detected in plasma after (S)-ibuprofen administration. Mean residence time was found to be 2 to 3 times longer for (S)-than for (R)-ibuprofen. Total systemic clearance from plasma was twice as high for (R)- than for (S)-ibuprofen. There were no differences between plasma clearances after intravenous and intraduodenal administration. Between 8 and 17% of dose was recovered in bile [especially as free and conjugated (S)-ibuprofen] and 3-12% in urine [as (S)-ibuprofen, hydroxy- and carboxyibuprofen, free and conjugated forms]. Small amounts of (R)-ibuprofen were detected in bile after intraduodenal administration of (R)-ibuprofen only (1.8% of dose). In short, the unidirectional inversion of R-ibuprofen appears to occur systemically rather than presystemically in dogs.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 5 (1993), S. 422-427 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: 2-arylpropionates ; enantiomers ; stereoselectivity ; chiral inversion ; pharmacokinetics ; bile-duct cannulated rats ; biliary excretion ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To examine the stereoselectivity of biliary excretion, the optically pure enantiomers of ketoprofen (KT), ibuprofen (IBU), and flurbiprofen (FLU) were intravenously administered to normal and bile duct-cannulated rats at 10 mg/kg. The recovery of total KT in bile was significantly higher after administration of (S)-KT than after (R)-KT [90.1 ± 3.5% vs 68.8 ± 8.2%, n =3, P 〈 0.05]. In normal rats the terminal half-life of (R)-KT was significantly shorter than that of (S)-KT after administration of (R)-KT (2.2 ± 0.6 h vs 14.3 ± 4.9 h, n = 3, P 〈 0.05). The terminal half-life of both enantiomers was significantly shorter in rats with continuous bile drainage as compared to normal rats. No significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters could be found between both enantiomers in bile duct-cannulated animals. The total amount of IBU in bile was slightly higher after administration of (S)-IBU than after (R)-IBU administration. The percentage of (R)-IBU after (R)-IBU administration, however, was very low [(R)-IBU: 1.5 ± 0.9%, (S)-IBU: 23.4 ± 5.8%]. In normal rats the clearance of (R)-IBU was significantly higher as compared to (S)-IBU. Differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between normal and bile duct-cannulated rats were not statistically significant due to high interindividual variability. The total recovery of FLU, which was excreted in bile to a lower extent than either KT or IBU, also tended to be greater after S-enantiomer administration. Only small amounts of (S)-FLU could be recovered in bile after (R)-FLU administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between (R)- and (S)-FLU or between normal and bile duct-cannulated rats due to its low inversion rate and low excretion via bile. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Manganese mixed oxide composite layers of about 1 μm thickness on titanium sheet as substrate were fabricated by firing of the corresponding nitrates at a typical temperature of 400°C in air. The activity of these anodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (10 mV/s) and the stability was determined by chronopotentiometry (2.5 mA/cm2) in 1M H2SO4. The oxidation of 2-propanol was examined as a simple electroorganic model reaction. The quality of a first category of mixed oxides with general composition MnMe2O4 decresed in the order Me = Co, Ni, Fe. In a second group with the general formula MeMn2O4 a decrease in the order Me = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, Cd, Ca, Mg, (Zn, Ge), Li was observed. The corresponding candidates of the second group were superior to those of the first. The anode service life τ of the optimum spinel anode CoMn2O4/Ti is dependent on the current density, according to jλ τ = const. (λ = 1.7). Thus high current densities are precluded. The mechanism has been discussed in terms of a heterogeneous redox catalysis: surface Mn(VII) states are formed in a slow electrochemical step. In a subsequent fast chemical oxidation of the organic molecule the original reduced state is regenerated. This also explains the comparatively good service life of these anodes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 142-148 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal-mechanical and isothermal fatigue behaviour of the nickel-base superalloy IN 792 CCMany components used in high temperature applications are exposed to complex thermal-mechanical loadings during operation. For this reason the effect of start-stop-cycles with thermalmechanical fatigue (TMF) as consequence was investigated by means of In-Phase(IP)and Out-of-Phase (OP) TMF tests. The fatigue life of the γ'hardend nickel-base cast superalloy IN 792 CC decreases with increasing maximum temperatures Tmax of the TMF cycles, due to the increasing plastic deformations and the increasing mean stress (OP-TMF) or increasing intergranular; damage (IP-TMF), respectively. These relations can be satisfactorily described using the Manson-Coffin-relationship or the damage parameters of Smith-Watson-Topper and Ostergren. By contrast, the influence of different phase shifts between temperature and mechanical loading also cannot be approximately described with one consistant relation between damage parameters and fatigue life. The evaluation of TMF loadings based on results from isothermal LCF-tests with the same frequency and respective mechanical strain leads always to an overrating of the fatigue life, even if the temperature of the isothermal test is the maximum temperature of the TMF cycle. This applies when comparing mechanical loading values as well as when comparing damage parameters.
    Notes: Beim Betrieb von Anlagen unter erhöhter Temperatur sind Bauteile Komplexen thermisch-mechanischen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt. Deshalb wurde die Auswirkung von wiederholten Anfahr- und Abfahrvorgängen, die thermisch-mechanische Ermüdungsbelastungen (TMF) zur Folge haben, mit Hilfe von Out-of-Phase (OP) und In-Phase (IP) TMF Experimenten untersucht. An der γ'verfestigten Nickelbasis-Gußlegierung IN 792 CC nimmt die Lebensdauer mit steigender Maximaltemperatur Tmax der TMF Zyklen aufgrund der wachsenden plastischen Verformungen und der zunehmenden Mittelspannungen (bei OP-TMF) bzw. der wachsenden intergranularen Schädigung (bie IP-TMF) ab. Diese Zusammenhänge können für IP-TMF bzw. OP-TMF getrennt durch die Manson-Coffin-Beziehung oder die Schädigungsparameter nach Smith-Watson-Topper und Ostergren befriedigend beschrieben werden. Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Phasenlagenzwischen Temperatur und mechanischer Beanspruchung läßt sich dagegen auch nicht näherungsweise auf einen einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Schädigungsparameter und Lebensdauer abbilden. Die Bewertung von TMF-Beanspruchungen; durch Ergebnisse isothermer LCF-Versuche mit gleicher Versuchsfrequenz und jeweils vergleichbaren mechanischen Belastungen führt stets zu einer Lebensdauerüberschätzung, auch wenn als Referenz isotherme Versuche bei der Maximaltemperatur des TMF-Zyklus herangezogen werden. Dies gilt sowohl für den Vergleich basierend auf mechanischen Beanspruchungsgrößen, als auch für den Vergleich anhand von Schädigungsparametern.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution of 0.1 M 1,2-dichloroethane in 1 M H2SO4 was anodically converted to CO2, Cl2 and HCIO4 as the main products at smooth platinum. The current efficiency for CO2 exceeds 60% at low current densities, while HClO4 is obtained with about 20% current efficiency. Chlorinated products such as 1,2′,2-trichloroethane are formed in negligible amounts. Platinum plays a distinctive role as anode material and shows a reaction limited anodic prewave. Our experimental findings lead to a mechanism, whereby DCE is initially hydroxylated to form chloroacetaldehyde chlorohydrin which releases HCl and becomes rapidly further oxidized to monochloroacetic acid. The cleavage of the C—C bond proceeds via its anodic decarboxylation. Possible practical applications in the field of anodic water purification and in the direct electrosynthesis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the first application of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to the very highly charged ions produced in the high-energy electron beam ion trap (SuperEBIT) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Initial results are described, and spectra are presented from ions as highly charged as Cs53+.
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