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  • 2000-2004  (275)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 5675-5685 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work we compare the generalized Fulton–Gouterman transformation (GFGT) and the Lee–Low–Pines transformation (LLPT). We apply both to a general electron-phonon Hamiltonian including the Fröhlich Hamiltonian, an electronic periodic potential, phononic anharmonicities, and Umklapp processes. We respectively discuss the ability of the two unitary transformations to achieve approximate electronic diagonalization in general and also for a particular electronic Bloch base. We further consider their possible application to multiparticle systems. It turns out that in general the GFGT is a more successful technique than the LLPT. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    British journal of management 11 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8551
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The point of departure for this paper is a number of contingency-theory studies on the relationship between business strategy and the design and use of management control. In these studies strategy has been operationalized in different ways – a major reason why the findings are ambiguous and difficult to integrate. Thus there is a strong need for a common frame of reference for classifying business strategy. In view of the multifaceted nature of the concept of strategy, however, it is neither desirable nor possible to arrive at a single method of classification that would be appropriate in all situations. Rather, the task is to integrate different strategic variables such as strategic pattern, strategic position and strategic mission. In this paper we show how these three variables may be assumed to influence, and be influenced by, what characterizes changes in strategy and how business units manage their product offerings. Unlike most previous studies in the field, this paper discusses how the strategic variables taken together may be assumed to influence the classification of strategy and thus the design and use of the management-control system. Our deductive analysis, and the hypotheses used in connection with it, show that studies which consider only one strategic variable may lead to erroneous conclusions about the relationship between strategy and management control.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Emerald
    Info 2 (2000), S. 551-572 
    ISSN: 1465-9840
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism , Economics
    Notes: Considers the development of the content industry in Europe by 2005, with the anticipation of new applications such as tele-education, tele-medicine, tele-detection and tele-surveillance. Examines the interplay of the various political and industrial interests involved, using the technique of "scenario-mapping" in particular.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 605-609 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The tectonic setting in which the first continental crust formed, and the extent to which modern processes of arc magmatism at convergent plate margins were operative on the early Earth, are matters of debate. Geochemical studies have shown that felsic rocks in both Archaean high-grade ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The discovery of electrically conducting organic crystals and polymers has widened the range of potential optoelectronic materials, provided these exhibit sufficiently high charge carrier mobilities and are easy to make and process. Organic single crystals have high charge carrier mobilities ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nature 419, 384–387 (2002). In this Letter, the volume numbers appeared incorrectly in the footer of pages 384, 385 and 386 as ‘VOL 417’. It should have read ‘VOL ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: wavelength division multiplexing ; optical transport networking ; communication networks operations ; managed fiber ; optical crossconnecting ; customer premises equipment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid introduction of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology in long distance fiber optic communication networks which has been observed in the recent years has been driven by line economy. Not merely the ability to overcome fiber scarcity, but also the savings associated with the replacement of many electronic regenerators by fewer optical amplifiers, have motivated the carriers to employ WDM. These arguments do not often apply to optical networking in metropolitan areas because transmission distances are short. For this reason, metro-WDM has been deployed in a few rare cases only, though it has been widely discussed by a broad scientific and industrial community. In this paper, an advanced operational concept for all optical transport networks in the metropolitan area is introduced. It focuses on node economy, i.e., the technical concepts to provide gigabit services access to the transport network at minimum cost, characterized by the following basic features: protocol independence, monitoring, protection and fast bandwidth provisioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Phosphatidylcholine ; Temperature jump ; Small-angle X-ray scattering ; Wide-angle X-ray scattering ; Sodium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis of gel-liquid crystalline phase coexistence in the stable ripple phase of diacylphosphatidylcholines has been obtained from time-resolved X-ray small- (SAXS) and wide-angle diffraction (WAXS) in the millisecond to second time domain. The pretransition of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) exhibits a thin lamellar liquid crystalline intermediate phase (designated Lα*) if driven far away from equilibrium by an infrared temperature jump (T-jump) technique. The findings can be described by a two-step model. (1) Instantaneously with the T-jump, an anomalously thin lamellar liquid crystalline intermediate phase (d = 5.6–5.8 nm) forms, coexisting with the original gel-phase Lβ′. Within the first seconds, the lamellar repeat distance of the intermediate increases to a value of about 6.7 nm. A closer examination of these kinetics reveals two relaxation components: a fast process, proceeding within tenths of a second, and a slow process, on the time scale of a few seconds. (2) Finally, both the liquid crystalline and the gel-phase relax into the stable ripple phase Pβ′. The total process time of the transition is nearly independent of the addition of NaCl, but varies strongly with the chain length of the lecithin species.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 58 (2000), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timber by application of a heat treatment was carried out in an oil-bath at temperatures between 180 °C and 220 °C without pressure and oxygen to improve the resistance against fungi and the dimensional stability. In comparison, wood specimens were exposed to the same temperatures in air atmosphere. The treatment of both wood species resulted in a better resistance against Coniophora puteana compared to specimens treated at the same temperatures in air atmosphere. Resins from the wood were distributed evenly by the oil-bath surrounding the specimens, resulting in a uniformly coloured surface compared to wood treated in air atmosphere. In order to achieve the desired upgrading effect, certain changes of mechanical properties and colour, however, have to be accepted, but they were less serious compared to specimens treated in air atmosphere. In general, the combination of a heat treatment in an oil bath seems to be a promising approach to upgrade wood for outdoor end-uses. Since the oils applied originate from plants this method of upgrading wood seems to be satisfying concerning ecological aspects.
    Notes: Picea abies L. Karst.) und Kiefernholz (Pinus sylvestris L.) durch Hitzebehandlung mit dem Ziel einer Erhöhung der Pilzresistenz und der Formbeständigkeit unter Sauerstoffabschluß drucklos durchgeführt. Zum Vergleich wurden Holzproben den gleichen Temperaturen in Luftatmosphäre ausgesetzt. Die Behandlung in einem erhitzten Ölbad ergab für beide Holzarten eine wesentlich höhere Resistenz gegenüber Coniophora puteana als an den Vergleichsproben. Das Ölbad verteilte austretendes Harz, so daß sich im Vergleich zu dem in Luftatmosphäre behandelten Holz eine gleichmäßig gefärbte Oberfläche ergab. Um die gewünschte Vergütung zu erreichen, sind Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Farbe in Kauf zu nehmen, die aber bei Öl-Hitzebehandlung im Vergleich zur Hitzebehandlung unter Luftatmosphäre geringer ausfallen. Insgesamt erscheint die Holzvergütung im Ölbad bei gleichzeitiger Hitzeeinwirkung ein erfolgversprechender Ansatz, Holz für die Anwendung unter Bewitterung zu vergüten. Da die verwendeten Öle pflanzlicher Herkunft sind und somit von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen stammen, erscheint diese Vergütungsmethode auch unter ökologischen Gesichtspunkten sinnvoll.
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  • 10
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    Offenbach, Main : Deutscher Wetterdienst
    In:  Klimastatusbericht 1999 : Jahrhunderthochwasser und schwere Stürme im Jahre 1999; Aktuelle Ergebnisse des Klimamonitorings; Klimaänderungssignale und -trends: 26-34
    Publication Date: 2000
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