ALBERT

Notes: The water relations and hydraulic architecture of growing grass tillers (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are reported. Evaporative flux density, E (mmol s−1 m−2), of individual leaf blades was measured gravimetrically by covering or excision of entire leaf blades. Values of E were similar for mature and elongating leaf blades, averaging 2·4 mmol s−1 m−2. Measured axial hydraulic conductivity, Kh (mmol s−1 mm MPa−1), of excised leaf segments was three times lower than theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kt) calculated using the Poiseuille equation and measurements of vessel number and diameter. Kt was corrected (Kt*) to account for the discrepancy between Kh and Kt and for immature xylem in the basal expanding region of elongating leaves. From base to tip of mature leaves the pattern of Kt* was bell-shaped with a maximum near the sheath–blade joint (≈ 19 mmol s−1 mm MPa−1). In elongating leaves, immature xylem in the basal growing region led to a much lower Kt*. As the first metaxylem matured, Kt* increased by 10-fold. The hydraulic conductances of the whole root system, 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu1" location="equation/PCE_657_mu1.gif"/〉 (mmol s−1 MPa−1) and leaf blades, 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu2" location="equation/PCE_657_mu2.gif"/〉 (mmol s−1 MPa−1) were measured by a vacuum induced water flow technique. 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu1" location="equation/PCE_657_mu1.gif"/〉 and 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu2" location="equation/PCE_657_mu2.gif"/〉 were linearly related to the leaf area downstream. Approximately 65% of the resistance to water flow within the plant resided in the leaf blade. An electric-analogue computer model was used to calculate the leaf blade area-specific radial hydraulic conductivity, 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu3" location="equation/PCE_657_mu3.gif"/〉 (mmol s−1 m−2 MPa−1), using 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu2" location="equation/PCE_657_mu2.gif"/〉, Kt* and water flux values. 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu3" location="equation/PCE_657_mu3.gif"/〉 values decreased with leaf age, from 21·2 mmol s−1 m−2 MPa−1 in rapidly elongating leaf to 7·2 mmol s−1 m−2 MPa−1 in mature leaf. Comparison of 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu2" location="equation/PCE_657_mu2.gif"/〉 and 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01407791:PCE657:PCE_657_mu3" location="equation/PCE_657_mu3.gif"/〉 values showed that ≈ 90% of the resistance to water flow within the blades resided in the liquid extra-vascular path. The same algorithm was then used to compute the xylem and extravascular water potential drop along the liquid water path in the plant under steady state conditions. Predicted and measured water potentials matched well. The hydraulic design of the mature leaf resulted in low and quite constant xylem water potential gradient (≈ 0·3 MPa m−1) throughout the plant. Much of the water potential drop within mature leaves occurred within a tenth of millimetre in the blade, between the xylem vessels and the site of water evaporation within the mesophyll. In elongating leaves, the low Kt* in the basal growth zone dramatically increased the local xylem water potential gradient (≈ 2·0 MPa m−1) there. In the leaf elongation zone the growth-induced water potential difference was ≈ 0·2 MPa.

Notes: The importance of aquaporins for root hydraulic conductance (LP) was investigated along roots of the desert succulent Agave deserti in wet, dry and rewetted soil. Water channel activity was inferred from HgCl2-induced reductions of LP that were reversible by 2-mercaptoethanol. Under wet conditions, HgCl2 reduced LP for the distal root region by 50% and for the root region near the shoot base by 36% but did not affect LP for the mid-root region. For all root regions, LP decreased by 30–60% during 10 d in drying soil and was not further reduced by HgCl2. After soil rewetting, LP increased to pre-drying values and was again reduced by HgCl2 for the distal and the basal root regions but not the mid-root region. For the distal region, water channels in the epidermis/exodermis made a disproportionately large contribution to radial hydraulic conductance of the intact segment; for the basal region, water channel activity was highest in the cortex and endodermis. The role of water channels was greatest in tissues in which cells were metabolically active both in the distal root region, where new apical growth occurs in wet soil, and in the basal region, which is the most likely root region to intercept light rainfall.