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  • 1
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    Observation of superflow in solid helium (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-04
    Description: We report on the observation of nonclassical rotational inertia in solid helium-4 confined to an annular channel in a sample cell under torsional motion, demonstrating superfluid behavior. The effect shows up as a drop in the resonant oscillation period as the sample cell is cooled below 230 millikelvin. Measurement of 17 solid samples allows us to map out the boundary of this superfluid-like solid or supersolid phase from the melting line up to 66 bars. This experiment indicates that superfluid behavior is found in all three phases of matter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, E -- Chan, M H W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1941-4. Epub 2004 Sep 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15345778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Piezoelectric coefficient of aluminum nitride and gallium nitride (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5360-5363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The piezoelectric coefficient d33 of aluminum nitride (AlN) and gallium nitride (GaN) thin films grown on silicon substrates by molecular beam epitaxy have been measured using a laser interferometer. X-ray diffraction reveals that the AlN and GaN films consist mainly of crystals with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. In order to grow epitaxial GaN films, an AlN film was first deposited on silicon as the buffer layer, so the d33 measurement for GaN was actually performed on GaN/AlN/Si multilayer systems. The relative permittivity and electrical resistivity of each constituent layer of the film and the potential drop across each layer were determined as a function of frequency. The potential drops were then used to calculate the piezoelectric coefficient d33 of GaN. After correcting for substrate clamping, d33 of AlN and GaN were found to be (5.1±0.1) and (3.1±0.1) pm V−1, respectively. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1317244
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode coupling in lead zirconate titanate/epoxy 1–3 piezocomposite rings (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4122-4129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/epoxy 1–3 piezocomposite rings were fabricated with PZT volume fractions φ ranging from 0.82 to 0.94 and with a small epoxy width of 77 μm in order to investigate their resonance characteristics and to reveal the mode coupling. Four major resonance modes were observed, namely the coupled longitudinal-thickness fH and lateral fL1 and fL2 mode resonances of individual PZT elements inside the rings as well as the radial fR and wall-thickness fW mode resonances of the whole rings. No stopband resonances were observed in the frequency range of 1 to 10 MHz. fH was found to increase linearly with the decrease in element height while fL1 and fL2 remained constant. When the height and width of the elements became comparable, coupling of fH with fL1 and fL2 occurred. The observed fH, fL1, and fL2 for all samples agreed with those calculated by the mode-coupling theory. fR and fW were almost independent of the ring thickness but increased as φ increased. A guide of operating fH in the rings without causing mode coupling was presented to optimize the composite structure for transducer design. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1405139
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyroelectric or piezoelectric compensated ferroelectric composites (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 2776-2778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The matrix and inclusions of 0–3 composites of lead titanate (PT) in polyvinylidenefluoride trifluoroethylene (P(VDF–TrFE)) have been independently poled by a special poling method. The polarization states of both constituents are investigated by the measurement of the dynamic pyroelectric coefficients of the composites in the temperature range of 20–90 °C, within which the copolymer matrix undergoes a ferroelectric-paraelectric phase change. The pyroelectric coefficients of PT and P(VDF–TrFE) have the same sign, while their piezoelectric coefficients have opposite signs. This allows the preparation of composites with enhanced pyroelectric but reduced piezoelectric activity when the matrix and inclusions are polarized in the same direction, or vice versa if the constituents are oppositely polarized. For a PT volume fraction of 27% it was possible to prepare a pyroelectric composite with vanishing piezoelectric activity or a piezoelectric composite with vanishing pyroelectric activity by poling the matrix and inclusions in parallel or antiparallel directions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126472
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical and pyroelectric properties of in-plane polarized lead lanthanum titanate thin film (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 668-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pb0.9La0.1Ti0.975O3 (PLT10) thin films were deposited on SiO2/Si(100) substrates coated with a ZrO2 buffer layer. Studies by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the ZrO2 film consists of both tetragonal and monoclinic phases, with the tetragonal phase being the dominant one. The PLT10 film has a perovskite structure and the grains in the film have a rather uniform size of about 50 nm. By using interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes the in-plane electrical properties, hysteresis loop, and pyroelectric coefficient of the PLT10 film were measured. The dielectric constant and loss factor vary only slightly with frequency in the range 103–106 Hz, with the loss factor being less than 0.01 over the entire range. The leakage current density is lower than 2×10−8 A/cm2 at a bias field of 5 kV/cm. The remnant polarization and coercive field are 12.6 μC/cm2 and 9.93 kV/cm, respectively. The film exhibits a reasonably high pyroelectric coefficient (95 μC/m2 K) after it has been poled by applying 120 V ac at 0.1 Hz across the IDT electrodes. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1387265
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENVIRONMENT AND CONTAMINANTS IN TRADITIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS OF NORTHERN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 20 (2000), S. 595-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional food resources of indigenous peoples are now recognized as containing a variety of environmental contaminants which reach food species through local or long-range transport avenues. In this chapter we review the published reports of contaminants contained in traditional food in northern North America and Europe as organochlorines, heavy metals, and radionuclides. Usually, multiple contaminants are contained in the same food species. Measurement of dietary exposure to these environmental contaminants is reviewed, as are major issues of risk assessment, evaluation, and management. The dilemma faced by indigenous peoples in weighing the multiple nutritional and socioeconomic benefits of traditional food use against risk of contaminants in culturally important food resources is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.595
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium- and Lanthanum-Modified Lead Titanate (PCLT) Ceramic and PCLT/Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene 0-3 Nanocomposites (2000)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Calcium- and lanthanum-modified lead titanate (PCLT) powders with size in the nanometer range were prepared by a sol–gel process. The PCLT gel was annealed at 850°C to produce powder with an average particle diameter of 80 nm. A dense and fine-grained PCLT ceramic, with grain size of ∼0.7 μm, was prepared by sintering the sol–gel-derived powder at 1150°C. The piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of the PCLT ceramic varied linearly with the degree of poling in the ceramic. PCLT/vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) 0-3 nanocomposites with PCLT volume fractions of 0.1–0.5 were fabricated, using PCLT powders imbedded in a P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. The ceramic data were used to model the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of the PCLT/P(VDF-TrFE) composites, and good agreements were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01539.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertebral Deformity in Chinese Men: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Bone Mineral Density, and Body Composition Measurements (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 66 (2000), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Vertebral deformity — Prevalence — Bone mineral density — Cigarette smoking — Alcohol consumption.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The prevalence and risk factors for vertebral deformity were studied in 396 community-dwelling Chinese men aged 70–79 years. Anterior to posterior (Ha/Hp), middle to posterior (Hm/Hp) and posterior to posterior (Hp/Hp − 1 or Hp/Hp + 1) ratios from T5 to L5 were derived from lateral spine X-ray films, using standardized digitization methods. Using values of 3 standard deviations (SD) or more below the mean and 4 SD or more below the mean as the cutoff, 16% and 7% of these men, respectively, were deemed to have one or more deformed vertebra. Heavy cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and working as a heavy manual worker were risk factors for vertebral deformity. Men with severe vertebral deformity (VHR 〈 mean − 4 SD below mean) had much lower body weight, fat mass, and bone mineral density (BMD) than controls. The odds ratios for severe vertebral deformity was 9.9 (95% CI 2.1–45.7) in the lowest quartile of femoral neck BMD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230050009
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and electrical properties of SrBi2Ta2O9 ceramic (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 1793-1797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) ceramic materials were prepared by the conventional mixed-oxide method. Ceramics sintered at different temperatures had distinctly different microstructures. Anisometric plate-like crystalline grains were observed which revealed the layered structure of the material. The variations of the saturation polarization (Ps), remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) with applied field and temperature were studied by hysteresis (P-E) loop measurements. Samples were also DC poled at various temperatures and electric fields, and their permittivity, piezoelectric (d33) and pyroelectric coefficient (p) were measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004788821247
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In silico studies of energy metabolism of normal and diseased heart (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 27 (2000), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: ESTs ; heart ; energy metabolism ; in silico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biotechnology research is developing into genomic analyses that involve the simultaneous monitoring of thousands of genes. The development of various bioinformatics resources that provide efficient access to information is necessary. We have used single-pass sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs). These ESTs data has been widely used to study gene expression in a variety of heart libraries [1, 2]. Data annotation on our recent finding allows us to construct the profiles of genes in the energy metabolizing pathways (glycolysis and glycogen metabolism) that are expressed in heart cDNA libraries. In silico studies of genes of energy metabolism yields data that are consistent with results derived from conventional metabolic experiments. The change in gene profiles describing the metabolism of diseased hearts is also presented here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007121822920
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