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  • 2000-2004  (115)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doping of covalently bound fullerene monolayers: Ag clusters on C60/Si(111) (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 1144-1146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The deposition of silver on a C60 monolayer chemisorbed on Si(111) leads to the formation of nanoscale clusters which, as determined from valence band photoemission measurements, donate minimal charge to the adsorbed fullerene molecules. The low doping level of the C60 monolayer leads to a slow rate of Ag cluster neutralization following the emission of a photoelectron, resulting in a significant shift of the cluster Fermi level and valence band features to higher binding energy. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289797
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigration in YBa2Cu3O7−δ using a metal clad near-field scanning optical microscope probe (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2127-2129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electromigration or electron-induced-migration (EIM) of oxygen in the hightemperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ alters the superconducting properties through variations in the oxygen concentration. We study this process with unprecedented spatial resolution and find that the transport of oxygen through a grain boundary into a neighboring grain is unlikely, and that hot electron effects dominate the mechanism for EIM in this system. The extent of the EIM effects implies that grain boundary scattering is strong for these electrons. EIM is induced with the tunnel current from the metal cladding on a near-field optical microscope (NSOM). Variations in the oxygen concentration due to fabrication, aging, and electromigration are imaged optically and corroborated to the grain structure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1314296
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A causal role for ethylene and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (Rubus idaeus) drupelets (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 110 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During raspberry (Rubus ideaus L. cv Glen Clova) fruit ripening, endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EGase; EC 3.2.1.4) specific activity (per g fresh weight) increases approximately 15-fold. Highest activity was associated with the surfaces of the receptacles where the weakening abscission zones are located. Immunoblotting using antibodies raised against a bean abscission-EGase (ab.-EGase) identified a single protein of Mr 52 kDa that was present only in ripe fruit and was most prominent in the receptacle. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), two 497-bp partial putative EGase clones were obtained from ripe receptacle mRNA (termed RI-EGL1 and 2) which share 53% amino acid identity. The more abundant RI-EGL1 was used to obtain its full length clone from a ripe receptacle cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of RI-EGL1 was similar to other ab.-EGase sequences (ca 67%) and contained the conserved motifs present in all E2-class EGases. Northern analysis revealed that RI-EGL1 expression was limited to ripe-fruit receptacles. Application of the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to green fruits indicated that endogenous ethylene accelerates raspberry abscission and increases both EGase activity and RI-EGL1 expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation and environmental significance of calcite rafts in tropical tufa-depositing rivers of northern Australia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Sedimentology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Spring-fed rivers of the Barkly karst in tropical northern Australia form an array of tufa and related freshwater carbonate deposits. One of these deposits, calcite rafts, is precipitated at the water–air interface principally as a consequence of CO2 degassing and evaporation. Calcite rafts have been reported in cave environments but have not been described in detail from fluvial systems. Observations using scanning electron microscopy coupled with water chemistry data reveal that they form by a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes. They grow downwards into the water column and form a dentate lower surface, while a flat upper surface occurs at the water–air interface. The rafts are readily inhabited by microorganisms, particularly diatoms, which frequently become entombed by calcite as the rafts develop. The decay of the biological material leaves voids, creating a pock-marked texture. The rafts are subject to secondary calcite growth along the crystal edges. Once they become submerged in the water column after disturbance of the water surface, they may become completely covered by this overgrowth, creating a homogeneous veneer. The rafts form in quiescent settings, principally behind tufa dams in large, lake-like water bodies along each river. Therefore, they can be used in conjunction with adjacent exposures of other tufa facies to decipher palaeohydrological conditions. Although the rafts are extremely thin and fragile, they are readily preserved within fossil waterhole facies, and their occurrence has been identified in rocks from the Quaternary to the Tertiary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00661.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of turbidity and fluctuating water levels on the abundance and depth distribution of small, benthic fish in New Zealand alpine lakes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 12 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract –  Minnow trapping was used to determine the distribution and abundance of two small, benthic species of fish, common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) and koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis), in five oligotrophic lakes varying in both turbidity and the extent of water-level variation. Koaro were 5–20 times more abundant in the large turbid lakes than in the clear ones, indicating that turbidity may reduce the extent of salmonid predation on koaro. However, the scarcity of koaro in the clear lakes was related mainly to the prevalence of brown trout (Salmo trutta) compared with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as the former were more piscivorous and had a stronger inverse relationship with koaro. Common bullies were more abundant at sites 20 m or more away from the shoreline, and at depths of 9–12 m irrespective of season, year and turbidity level. However, the overall abundance of bullies was reduced by 70–90% in the turbid lakes. As bullies are relatively insensitive to the direct effects of increased turbidity, indirect effects such as reductions in macrophytes from reduced water clarity or smothering of benthic habitats by settled solids are thought to influence their abundance in the lakes affected by glacial turbidity. There was no relationship between the extent of water-level fluctuation and the abundance of koaro or common bullies in the lakes, but the depth distribution of bullies was shallowest in the lake with the least water-level fluctuation and was deepest in the lake with the greatest water-level fluctuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00024.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of different rations and water temperatures on the growth rates of shortfinned eels and longfinned eels (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Juvenile (12–152 g) shortfinned eels Anguilla australis and longfinned eels A. dieffenbachia caught in New Zealand streams were fed squid mantle Nototodarus spp. 4 days per week in laboratory experiments. A linear multiple regression equation showed the amount of food eaten (0–2·7% w day−1) explained 77·7% of the variation in specific growth rates (–0·60 to +1·07% w day−1) among individual eels, while previous growth rates, water temperature (10·0–20·6°C), and eel weight (12–152 g) explained a further 5·6, 1·4 and 0·8%, respectively. Growth in length ranged from –0·3 to +0·9 mm day−1. Eels which were starved and then given high rations grew substantially faster than expected. Once growth rates were adjusted for differences in ration and other factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates between species or individual fish. Growth of shortfinned eels fed maximum rations of commercial eel food depended on fish size and water temperatures and ceased below 9·0°C. Growth rates in the wild were substantially less than the maximum possible, after seasonal changes in water temperatures were taken into account, indicating that food supplies and not low water temperatures were controlling growth rates in the wild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00268.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microsatellite data reveals weak population substructuring in Copadichromis sp.‘virginalis kajose’, a demersal cichlid from Lake Malawi, Africa (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 59 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Small but significant differences were found in allele frequencies among five populations (overall FST estimate (θ)=0·004, P=0·006; overall RST estimate (RHO)=0·019, P〈0·00001) of the demersal cichlid Copadichromis sp.‘virginalis kajose’, collected from five locations in Lake Malawi. Pairwise FST estimates revealed significant differences between the most southerly population (Cape Maclear), and the three most northerly populations (Mbamba Bay, Metangula and Chilola). Pairwise RST estimates also revealed significant differences between some populations, but no geographical pattern was discernible. There was no evidence of isolation by distance using either the shortest straight-line distance between samples, or the distance around the shoreline following a 50 m depth contour. FST estimates were considerably lower than found in previous studies on the mbuna (rock-dwelling species), but higher than those found in a study of three pelagic cichlid species from Lake Malawi. Substructuring in C. sp.‘virginalis kajose’ appears to be on a similar scale to the Atlantic cod.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02364.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal evolution of the electric field accelerating electrons away from the auroral ionosphere (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 724-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The bright night-time aurorae that are visible to the unaided eye are caused by electrons accelerated towards Earth by an upward-pointing electric field. On adjacent geomagnetic field lines the reverse process occurs: a downward-pointing electric field accelerates electrons away from Earth. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414724a
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A triplet of differently shaped spin-zero states in the atomic nucleus 186 Pb (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 430-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Understanding the fundamental excitations of many-fermion systems is of significant current interest. In atomic nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons, the low-lying excitation spectrum is generally formed by nucleon pair breaking and nuclear vibrations or rotations. However, for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35013012
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for diverse oxidations in the catabolism of toluene by Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain OFS (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 53 (2000), S. 447-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain OFS grew on toluene as a sole source of carbon and energy with a maximum growth rate of 0.011 h−1. Initial reaction products were extracted, derivatized and identified by GC-MS. Oxygen consumption studies indicated that OFS grown on an aliphatic substrate required an induction period before oxidizing toluene. OFS grown on toluene transformed an array of aromatic ground water pollutants including styrene, ethylbenzene and chlorobenzene. Products of these transformations were identified. The sole product of chlorobenzene biotransformation was 4-chlorophenol. Products from toluene oxidation included 3- and 4-methylcatechol as well as benzyl alcohol, p-cresol and cis-toluene dihydrodiol. The identification of these and the products of other aromatic substrate conversions affirm that oxidation occurred on the functional group as well as directly on the aromatic nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051640
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