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  • 1
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    Water-soluble vitamins in natural plankton (copepods) during two consecutive spring blooms compared to vitamins in Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii (2000)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-16
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of induced hyperoxia on the antioxidant status of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fed three different levels of dietary vitamin E (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon smolt (64 g) were fed 40, 300 or 1100 mg kg−1 all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate feed under normoxic and moderate hyperoxic conditions for 12 weeks. After 7 weeks, however, the hyperoxic fish were subjected to a temporary severe supersaturation of dissolved oxygen with development of gas bubble disease and substantial mortality as a result. Liver α-tocopherol (α-TOH) levels reflected the dietary input after 6 and 12 weeks of feeding. Increased levels of thiobarbituric-reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver of hyperoxygenated fish after 6 weeks indicate that moderate hyperoxic conditions may represent an oxidative challenge to the fish. After 12 weeks, liver ascorbic acid (AA) content was reduced in hyperoxygenated fish, and a decreasing tendency was also found in the liver content of α-TOH. Effects of oxygen supersaturation were also observed on liver antioxidant enzyme activities, content of glutathione and total mercapthans in liver, phagocytic chemiluminescent response and total plasma protein level, indicating a disturbed redox balance. No effects of dietary vitamin E were observed on any of the measured parameters, indicating that high levels of dietary vitamin E under these circumstances did not protect the fish against oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00459.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of egg vitamin A status and egg incubation temperature on subsequent development of the early vertebral column in Atlantic salmon fry (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 64 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of egg vitamin A (VA) status and egg incubation temperature on the development of spinal disorders was investigated in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry. Atlantic salmon eggs were sorted into two groups with high VA (3·3 ± 0·1 μg retinol g−1 dry mass) and low VA (2·2 ± 0·3 μg retinol g−1 dry mass) status before fertilization and incubated at high (14° C) or low (8° C) temperature from 133 day degrees until the onset of feeding. High egg incubation temperatures increased the concentration of retinol in the eggs: the high VA and high temperature group displayed a significantly higher retinol concentration than the high VA and low temperature group (P = 0·001). After hatching, all experimental groups increased their retinol concentration. The source of the increased retinol levels was probably retinal, although astaxanthin may also be a VA precursor after hatching. Atlantic salmon fry incubated at high temperatures had increased amounts of notochord tissue. When measuring morphogenic activity in the notochord using the expression of sonic hedgehog (shh, mRNA), however, no significant difference was found between the experimental groups. No clear effect of VA status or incubation temperature could be found on the formation of the early vertebral column although Atlantic salmon fry incubated at low temperatures had less regular constrictions of the prospective vertebral column than fry incubated at high temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00304.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teratogenicity of elevated egg incubation temperature and egg vitamin A status in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that high egg vitamin A (VA) status in combination with elevated egg incubation temperatures may cause deformities in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Egg batches selected for their total VA concentration were exposed to low (normal, 8 °C) or elevated (14 °C) egg incubation temperatures. Temperature was the main factor causing bone deformities such as warped gill opercula, fin and jaw deformities, but not for the development of spinal deformities where all groups displayed a ‘baseline’ occurrence of mild deformity (decreased vertebral size in the cephalic region) and no systematic variation in the occurrence of serious spinal deformities (fused vertebrae). A possible effect of egg incubation temperature fluctuation was found for the groups reared at low temperatures. An indication of a negative effect of elevated egg VA status for the development of organ deformities such as missing septum transversum and situs inversus was found in addition to temperature effects, however, no firm conclusions could be drawn from the present data. The phenotypes for temperature-induced deformities resembled the phenotype of VA-induced deformities, but no clear conclusions on the causality of the deformities found in the present study could be drawn. Egg incubation temperatures, both absolute temperature and temperature variations, should therefore be strictly controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00536.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cataract formation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolt relative to dietary pro- and antioxidants and lipid level (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of cataracts in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied in 16 groups of smolts fed diets differing in prooxidant (iron, copper, manganese) and antioxidant (vitamin E, vitamin C, astaxanthin) composition and lipid level for 23 weeks in sea water, using a 27--3 reduced factorial design. The seven dietary variables were systematically varied at low (requirement level and 150 g lipid kg−1) and high levels (below known toxic levels and 320 g lipid kg−1). A mean endpoint cataract incidence of approximately 36% was observed. High dietary levels of vitamin C and astaxanthin reduced cataract frequency, whereas high dietary lipid level, iron and manganese were associated with increased cataract frequencies. Considering the nutritional status of selected organs of the fish, only the status of ascorbic acid correlated negatively to cataract development (P 〈 0.05). The lens glutathione (GSH) status was not correlated to cataract frequency, nor statistically explained by the dietary variables. However, the study shows that balancing the diet with respect to pro- and antioxidant nutrients may significantly protect Atlantic salmon against development of cataracts. An incidence of reversible osmotic cataract observed at week 14 was positively correlated to plasma glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00449.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multivariate study on the effects of dietary vitamin K, vitamin D3 and calcium, and dissolved carbon dioxide on growth, bone minerals, vitamin status and health performance in smolting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone deformities represent an increasing, unsolved problem for intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. To increase insight into nutritional and environmental impacts on bone mineralization, 16 groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets with different levels of menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), vitamin D3, and calcium (Ca), and exposed to different levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) based on a multivariate factorial design (24). The composition of the experimental diets was either a high or low level of each of the design variables. In addition, four groups (centre points) were fed a diet with intermediate levels of all dietary parameters and exposed to an intermediate level of dissolved CO2 to record the variation among tanks. After 6 weeks in fresh water, fish were marked according to group, transferred to a common net pen in sea water and fed commercial feed for another 11 weeks. High levels of CO2 decreased fish growth both in fresh water and sea water. No visible bone deformities were recorded at any time. Dry matter, protein and ash compositions of bone and concentrations of Ca, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in bone were not significantly affected by any of the design variables. Minor effects were observed in clinical parameters recording health performance, stress and plasma Ca homeostasis. The mean level of vitamin D3 measured as cholecalciferol in fish organs increased significantly during the freshwater period and reflected dietary vitamin D3, whereas the level decreased when fish were fed commercial feed in sea water. The level of menaquinone in liver increased significantly in response to high dietary levels of MSB, indicating that dietary MSB was converted to menaquinone in salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00403.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water temperature regimes affect cataract development in smolting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of fluctuation in water temperature during the freshwater rearing stage on cataract development in Atlantic salmon was investigated. Presmolts were exposed to either constant low or high temperatures, or high temperature with cold-water fluctuations. Temperature fluctuations caused the fastest growth rate and most severe cataracts, whilst low temperature resulted in slow growth and minor cataracts. The fish were then individually marked and maintained together in a seawater net pen for 7 months. Cataract progressed in all groups, fish from the low temperature group showed the fastest subsequent growth, and developed cataracts to the same degree as fish from the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase levels in pooled samples of aqueous humour, lens and plasma from fish with or without cataract, except from the last freshwater samples, where cataractous fish showed lower plasma activity. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels did not differ, nor did whole eye riboflavin levels. Higher concentrations of some free amino acids in whole eyes were found in fish with cataract. This study shows that fluctuation in water temperature may cause both increased growth rate and cataract development in Atlantic salmon and that cataract development initiated in the freshwater rearing phase continues after transfers to seawater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00299.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cataract preventative role of mammalian blood meal, histidine, iron and zinc in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of different strains (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In the period from winter 1996 to autumn 1999, three feeding trials were conducted to study the possible role of mammalian blood meal in preventing lens opacities in Atlantic salmon. In addition to blood meal supplemented feed, experimental diets were formulated, aiming to mimic the total concentrations of selected elements present in blood meal (BM) enriched diets; the amino acid histidine (His) and the mineral iron (Fe). In addition, these diets were supplemented with Zn. The trials included different rearing conditions, sizes and strains of Atlantic salmon; one small scale feeding experiment with pre-smolt of Strain A in fresh water (Trial 1) and two semi large trials with sub-yearling (S0s) and yearling (S1s) smolts of Strains A and B in seawater (Trials 2 and 3). The trials included duplicate or triplicate feeding groups and lasted 6–12 months. Standard commercial diets not supplemented with BM were used as controls. High prevalence of cataract developed over time in all three studies, with end point ranges as follows; Trial 1: 40–52 %; Trial 2: 51–83 %; Trial 3: 63–100%. The cataracts normally first appeared in the anterior and/or posterior cortical region and later affected the perinuclear region. In all the experiments, there was a significant cataract preventative effect of both the BM supplemented and experimental diets compared to the respective control diets. To some extent, cataract incidence was reduced, but primarily cataractogenesis was less severe in these groups. A concurrent positive effect on growth of both added BM and experimental diets was observed in the two seawater trials, probably related to maintaining vision and feed uptake ability. In one of the trials, there were significant differences in cataract susceptibility between the two strains, measured both as frequency and severity of cataractous changes. Our data suggest that elevated concentrations of dietary His and/or Fe mitigate cataract formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00269.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary cadmium on calcium homeostasis, Ca mobilization and bone deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Atlantic salmon parr were reared for 4 months on experimental fish-meal-based diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 5, 25, 125 or 250 mg Cd kg−1 feed to assess the effects of dietary Cd on active Ca uptake, mobilization of Ca from internal reservoirs, and development of bone malformations. The accumulation of dietary Cd in tissues was, in decreasing order, intestine 〉 kidney 〉〉 gill 〉 bone. No significant accumulation of Cd in the scales was observed. Strongest inhibition of ATP dependent Ca uptake (measured as Ca2+- and Na+/K+-ATPase) was observed in the intestine of salmon fed 25 mg Cd kg−1. This suppression in active intestinal Ca uptake did not lead to disturbed plasma Ca levels. Significant reduction of Ca from the scales in salmon fed 25 mg Cd kg−1, indicates remobilization of Ca to maintain Ca homeostasis. At the end of the experiment no significant differences were observed in bone Ca levels, nor were any bone malformations observed in any of the dietary Cd-exposed salmon. This indicates that bone as an endogenous Ca reservoir is spared compared with scales. It was concluded that dietary Cd-induced disturbance of Ca homeostasis did not lead to bone deformities, even when Atlantic salmon were fed high amounts of cadmium. This indicates a low risk of spinal deformations being developed in Atlantic salmon sub-chronically exposed to high Cd concentrations in the feed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00245.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for riboflavin supplementation in high and low energy diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A two-factor study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary riboflavin and lipid levels on the growth, health performance and riboflavin status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon parr were fed four fishmeal-based diets with or without supplementation of 20 mg riboflavin kg–1, at two lipid levels, 150 or 300 g kg–1. Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks of fish for 12 weeks. Unsupplemented diets contained between 6 and 8 mg riboflavin kg–1. There were no significant differences in growth as a result of riboflavin supplementation. No mortality or histomorphological changes in eye tissues were observed. Dietary treatments did not affect blood haemoglobin values. After 12 weeks, muscle lipid content seemed to be reduced by riboflavin supplementation irrespective of dietary lipid level. Riboflavin status of whole body, muscle, liver, kidney and eye lenses is reported. Saturation levels of riboflavin in liver and muscle were reached with unsupplemented diets. The concentrations of riboflavin and lipid in liver were negatively correlated. There was a tendency of higher whole body riboflavin concentration in fish fed high-lipid diets. Based on growth, absence of deficiency signs and maximal tissue saturation of riboflavin, it can be concluded that the requirement for riboflavin was met by the natural riboflavin content in the raw materials of the feed. However, independent of dietary lipid level, dietary riboflavin supplementation may increase lipid utilization in rapidly growing salmon parr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00210.x
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