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  • Life Sciences (General)  (8)
  • Cell Division  (2)
  • Gene Expression Regulation  (2)
  • 2000-2004  (12)
  • 1
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    Why stem cells? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Stem cells are viewed from the perspectives of their function, evolution, development, and cause. Counterintuitively, most stem cells may arise late in development, to act principally in tissue renewal, thus ensuring an organism's long-term survival. Surprisingly, recent reports suggest that tissue-specific adult stem cells have the potential to contribute to replenishment of multiple adult tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Kooy, D -- Weiss, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1439-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada. derek.van.der.kooy@utoronto.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Germ Cells/cytology/physiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Neurons/cytology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: Neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory system of the adult brain throughout life, in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but its physiological regulation is not understood. We show that the production of neuronal progenitors is stimulated in the forebrain subventricular zone of female mice during pregnancy and that this effect is mediated by the hormone prolactin. The progenitors then migrate to produce new olfactory interneurons, a process likely to be important for maternal behavior, because olfactory discrimination is critical for recognition and rearing of offspring. Neurogenesis occurs even in females that mate with sterile males. These findings imply that forebrain olfactory neurogenesis may contribute to adaptive behaviors in mating and pregnancy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shingo, Tetsuro -- Gregg, Christopher -- Enwere, Emeka -- Fujikawa, Hirokazu -- Hassam, Rozina -- Geary, Colleen -- Cross, James C -- Weiss, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):117-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genes & Development Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Choroid Plexus/metabolism ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Estradiol/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Female ; Interneurons/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Prolactin/administration & dosage/blood/pharmacology/*physiology ; Prosencephalon/*cytology/*physiology ; Pseudopregnancy ; Receptors, Prolactin/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/*cytology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) vacuolating cytotoxin VacA induces cellular vacuolation in epithelial cells. We found that VacA could efficiently block proliferation of T cells by inducing a G1/S cell cycle arrest. It interfered with the T cell receptor/interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling pathway at the level of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a transcription factor acting as a global regulator of immune response genes, was abrogated, resulting in down-regulation of IL-2 transcription. VacA partially mimicked the activity of the immunosuppressive drug FK506 by possibly inducing a local immune suppression, explaining the extraordinary chronicity of Hp infections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gebert, Bettina -- Fischer, Wolfgang -- Weiss, Evelyn -- Hoffmann, Reinhard -- Haas, Rainer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1099-102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max von Pettenkofer-Institut fur Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, LMU Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology/*physiology ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cyclins/metabolism ; Cytotoxins/pharmacology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; G1 Phase ; Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells ; Helicobacter pylori/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/genetics/metabolism ; Jurkat Cells ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; S Phase ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*microbiology/physiology ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: We have previously shown correction of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID-X1, also known as gamma chain (gamma(c)) deficiency] in 9 out of 10 patients by retrovirus-mediated gamma(c) gene transfer into autologous CD34 bone marrow cells. However, almost 3 years after gene therapy, uncontrolled exponential clonal proliferation of mature T cells (with gammadelta+ or alphabeta+ T cell receptors) has occurred in the two youngest patients. Both patients' clones showed retrovirus vector integration in proximity to the LMO2 proto-oncogene promoter, leading to aberrant transcription and expression of LMO2. Thus, retrovirus vector insertion can trigger deregulated premalignant cell proliferation with unexpected frequency, most likely driven by retrovirus enhancer activity on the LMO2 gene promoter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hacein-Bey-Abina, S -- Von Kalle, C -- Schmidt, M -- McCormack, M P -- Wulffraat, N -- Leboulch, P -- Lim, A -- Osborne, C S -- Pawliuk, R -- Morillon, E -- Sorensen, R -- Forster, A -- Fraser, P -- Cohen, J I -- de Saint Basile, G -- Alexander, I -- Wintergerst, U -- Frebourg, T -- Aurias, A -- Stoppa-Lyonnet, D -- Romana, S -- Radford-Weiss, I -- Gross, F -- Valensi, F -- Delabesse, E -- Macintyre, E -- Sigaux, F -- Soulier, J -- Leiva, L E -- Wissler, M -- Prinz, C -- Rabbitts, T H -- Le Deist, F -- Fischer, A -- Cavazzana-Calvo, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):415-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM Unit 429, Cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Clone Cells/physiology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/*adverse effects ; *Genetic Vectors ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; LIM Domain Proteins ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/*etiology ; Metalloproteins/*genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics ; Retroviridae/*genetics/physiology ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/*therapy ; T-Lymphocytes/*physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Integration ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Lessons learned from Shuttle/Mir: psychosocial countermeasures (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: BACKGROUND: During future long-duration space missions, countermeasures need to be developed to deal with psychosocial issues that might impact negatively on crewmember performance and well-being. METHODS: In our recently completed NASA-funded study of 5 U.S. astronauts, 8 Russian cosmonauts, and 42 U.S. and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir program, we evaluated a number of important psychosocial issues such as group tension, cohesion, leadership role, and the displacement of negative emotions from crewmembers to people in mission control and from mission control personnel to management. RESULTS: Based on our findings, which are reviewed, a number of psychosocial countermeasures are suggested to help ameliorate the negative impact of potential psychosocial problems during future manned space missions. CONCLUSIONS: Crewmembers should be selected not only to rule out psychopathology but also to select-in for group compatibility and facility in a common language. Training should include briefings and team building related to a number of psychosocial issues and should involve both crewmembers and mission control personnel. During the mission, both experts on the ground and the crewmembers themselves should be alert to potential interpersonal problems, including the displacement of negative emotions from the crew to the ground. Supportive activities should consist of both individual and interpersonal strategies, including an awareness of changing leisure time needs. Finally, attention should be given to postmission readjustment and to supporting the families on Earth.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Aviation, space, and environmental medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); Volume 73; 6; 607-11
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  • 6
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    Asthenia--does it exist in space? (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: OBJECTIVE: First popularized as neurasthenia in the late 1800s by American George Beard, asthenia has been viewed by Russian psychologists and flight surgeons as a major problem that affects cosmonauts participating in long-duration space missions. However, there is some controversy about whether this syndrome exists in space; this controversy is attributable in part to the fact that it is not recognized in the current American psychiatric diagnostic system. METHODS: To address this issue empirically, we retrospectively examined the data from our 4 1/2-year, NASA-funded study of crew member and mission control interactions during the Shuttle/Mir space program. Three of the authors identified eight items of stage 1 asthenia from one of our measures, the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Scores on these items from 13 Russian and American crew members were compared with scores derived from the opinions of six Russian space experts. RESULTS: Crew members' scores in space were significantly lower than the experts' scores on seven of the eight items, and they generally were in the "not at all" to "a little" range of the item scales. There were no differences in mean scores before and after launch or across the four quarters of the missions. There were no differences in response between Russian and American crew members. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate the presence of asthenia in space as operationally defined using the POMS. However, the POMS addresses only emotional and not physiological aspects of the syndrome, and the subject responses in our study generally were skewed toward the positive end of the scales. Further research on this syndrome needs to be done and should include physiological measures and measures that are specific to asthenia.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Psychosomatic medicine (ISSN 0033-3174); Volume 63; 6; 874-80
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  • 7
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    Human interactions during Shuttle/Mir space missions (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: To improve the interpersonal climate of crewmembers involved with long-duration space missions, it is important to understand the factors affecting their interactions with each other and with members of mission control. This paper will present findings from a recently completed NASA-funded study during the Shuttle/Mir program which evaluated in-group/out-group displacement of negative emotions; changes in tension, cohesion, and leader support over time; and cultural differences. In-flight data were collected from 5 astronauts, 8 cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who signed informed consent. Subjects completed a weekly questionnaire that assessed their mood and perception of their work group's interpersonal climate using questions from well-known, standardized measures (Profile of Mood States, Group and Work Environment Scales) and a critical incident log. There was strong evidence for the displacement of tension and dysphoric emotions from crewmembers to mission control personnel and from mission control personnel to management. There was a perceived decrease in commander support during the 2nd half of the missions, and for American crewmembers a novelty effect was found on several subscales during the first few months on-orbit. There were a number of differences between American and Russian responses which suggested that the former were less happy with their interpersonal environment than the latter. Mission control personnel reported more tension and dysphoria than crewmembers, although both groups scored better than other work groups on Earth. Nearly all reported critical incidents came from ground subjects, with Americans and Russians showing important differences in response frequencies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 48; 5-12; 777-84
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  • 8
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    Temporal dynamics of emergency department and hospital admissions of pediatric asthmatics (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Asthma is a chronic disease that can result in exacerbations leading to urgent care in emergency departments (EDs) and hospitals. We examined seasonal and temporal trends in pediatric asthma ED (1997-1999) and hospital (1986-1999) admission data so as to identify periods of increased risk of urgent care by age group, gender, and race. All pediatric ED and hospital admission data for Maryland residents occurring within the state of Maryland were evaluated. Distinct peaks in pediatric ED and hospital asthma admissions occurred each year during the winter-spring and autumn seasons. Although the number and timing of these peaks were consistent across age and racial groups, the magnitude of the peaks differed by age and race. The same number, timing, and relative magnitude of the major peaks in asthma admissions occurred statewide, implying that the variables affecting these seasonal patterns of acute asthma exacerbations occur statewide. Similar gross seasonal trends are observed worldwide. Although several environmental, infectious, and psychosocial factors have been linked with increases in asthma exacerbations among children, thus far they have not explained these seasonal patterns of admissions. The striking temporal patterns of pediatric asthma admissions within Maryland, as described here, provide valuable information in the search for causes.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Environmental research (ISSN 0013-9351); Volume 94; 1; 7-17
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  • 9
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    Relationships between pediatric asthma and socioeconomic/urban variables in Baltimore, Maryland (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Spatial relationships between clinical data for pediatric asthmatics (hospital and emergency department utilization rates), and socioeconomic and urban characteristics in Baltimore City were analyzed with the aim of identifying factors that contribute to increased asthma rates. Socioeconomic variables and urban characteristics derived from satellite data explained 95% of the spatial variation in hospital rates. The proportion of families headed by a single female was the most important variable accounting for 89% of the spatial variation. Evidence suggests that the high rates of hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits may partially be due to the difficulty of single parents with limited resources managing their child's asthma condition properly. This knowledge can be used for education towards mitigating ED and hospital events in Baltimore City.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Health & place (ISSN 1353-8292); Volume 10; 2; 141-52
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  • 10
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    Comparison of aortic and carotid baroreflex stimulus-response characteristics in humans (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In order to characterize the stimulus-response relationships of the arterial, aortic, and carotid baroreflexes in mediating cardiac chronotropic function, we measured heart rate (HR) responses elicited by acute changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and carotid sinus pressure (CSP) in 11 healthy individuals. Arterial (aortic + carotid) baroreflex control of HR was quantified using ramped changes in MAP induced by bolus injection of phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SN). To assess aortic-cardiac responses, neck pressure (NP) and suction (NS) were applied during PE and SN administration, respectively, to counter alterations in CSP thereby isolating the aortic baroreflex. Graded levels of NP and NS were delivered to the carotid sinus using a customized neck collar device to assess the carotid-cardiac baroreflex, independent of drug infusion. The operating characteristics of each reflex were determined from the logistic function of the elicited HR response to the induced change in MAP. The arterial pressures at which the threshold was located on the stimulus-response curves determined for the arterial, aortic and carotid baroreflexes were not significantly different (72+/-4, 67+/-3, and 72+/-4 mm Hg, respectively, P 〉 0.05). Similarly, the MAP at which the saturation of the reflex responses were elicited did not differ among the baroreflex arcs examined (98+/-3, 99+/-2, and 102+/-3 mm Hg, respectively). These data suggest that the baroreceptor populations studied operate over the same range of arterial pressures. This finding indicates each baroreflex functions as both an important anti-hypotensive and anti-hypertensive mechanism. In addition, this investigation describes a model of aortic baroreflex function in normal healthy humans, which may prove useful in identifying the origin of baroreflex dysfunction in disease- and training-induced conditions.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical (ISSN 1566-0702); 88; 2-Jan; 74-85
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