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  • Articles  (86)
  • Springer  (86)
  • 2000-2004  (86)
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  • Articles  (86)
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  • 1
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    Hydromagmatic amphibole in komatiitic, tholeiitic and ferropicritic units, Abitibi greenstone belt, Ontario and Qu�bec: evidence for Archaean wet basic and ultrabasic melts (2003)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0930-0708
    Electronic ISSN: 1438-1168
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of Serpin Specificity: Cooperative Interactions in the Reactive-Site Loop Sequence of Antithrombin Specifically Restrict the Inhibition of Activated Protein C (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 507-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Serpin — Antithrombin —α1-Antitrypsin — Activated protein C — Thrombin — Factor Xa — Kinetics — Cooperativity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Protease cascades and their inhibitors are a common feature of many biological regulatory systems, and the various components of such cascades have been subjected to a long and concerted evolution. We present here evidence that in the coagulation cascade, the sequence of the protease-binding reactive-site loop of antithrombin has evolved such that the majority of its residues has been acquired not for the efficient inhibition of its target proteases, thrombin and factor Xa, but to avoid the inhibition of activated protein C (APC). We substituted residues of the reactive-site loop of antithrombin into α1-antitrypsin and tested the chimeras against thrombin, factor Xa, and APC. With respect to factor Xa and thrombin, the difference in association rate between the fastest and the slowest inhibitors was 5.5- and 88-fold, respectively. However, with respect to APC the difference was 12,500-fold. While most of the variation in the inhibition rates of thrombin could be accounted for by P2 Gly-to-Pro substitutions, for APC almost every residue had an effect on inhibition. In 22 of 25 direct comparisons of antitrypsin residues with antithrombin residues, either singly or in blocs, the antithrombin residues caused a decrease in the rate of inhibition of APC. The antithrombin residue Asn393, at position P′3, emerged as particularly important for avoiding the inhibition of APC, however, its 190-fold effect was seen only when in conjunction with antithrombin P7 to P′2 residues. Cooperative effects among residues of the reactive-site loop thus emerged as critical for restricting the activity of this sequence against APC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Investigation for the IMAGE Mission (2000)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 91 (2000), S. 197-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) of the IMAGE Mission will study the distribution of He+ in Earth's plasmasphere by detecting its resonantly-scattered emission at 30.4 nm. It will record the structure and dynamics of the cold plasma in Earth's plasmasphere on a global scale. The 30.4-nm feature is relatively easy to measure because it is the brightest ion emission from the plasmasphere, it is spectrally isolated, and the background at that wavelength is negligible. Measurements are easy to interpret because the plasmaspheric He+ emission is optically thin, so its brightness is directly proportional to the He+ column abundance. Effective imaging of the plasmaspheric He+ requires global `snapshots’ in which the high apogee and the wide field of view of EUV provide in a single exposure a map of the entire plasmasphere. EUV consists of three identical sensor heads, each having a field of view 30° in diameter. These sensors are tilted relative to one another to cover a fan-shaped field of 84°×30°, which is swept across the plasmasphere by the spin of the satellite. EUV’s spatial resolution is 0.6° or ∼0.1 R E in the equatorial plane seen from apogee. The sensitivity is 1.9 count s−1 Rayleigh−1, sufficient to map the position of the plasmapause with a time resolution of 10 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005263510820
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lagrangian Matroids and Cohomology (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of combinatorics 4 (2000), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0219-3094
    Keywords: Keywords: $\bigtriangleup$-matroid, Lagrangian symplectic matroid, cohomology, CW-complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. We prove that $ \bigtriangleup $ -matroids associated with maps on compact closed surfaces are representable, with the space of representation provided by cohomology of the surface with punctured points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000260050004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PCB Poisoning in a Red-Tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis) near a Site of Terrestrial Contamination in New York State (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 64 (2000), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289910013
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prediction of polyethylene wear rate and debris morphology produced by microscopic asperities on femoral heads (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 11 (2000), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Counterface damage in the form of scratches, caused by bone cement, bone or metallic particles, has been cited as a cause of increased wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups. It is known that high levels of particulate wear debris lead to osteolysis. Surface damage was characterized in a series of explanted Charnley femoral heads. The heads had a mean scratch height of 1 μm with a mean aspect ratio (defined as height divided by half width) of 0.1. Wear discs were artificially scratched using these scratch geometries as a guide. In addition, the scratch geometries were incorporated into a finite element model of a stainless steel asperity repeatedly sliding over UHMWPE under conditions similar to those in an artificial hip joint. Wear tests showed a strong correlation between the average cross-sectional area of the scratch lip above the mean zero line and the measured wear factor. The finite element model predicted increases in the area of UHMWPE suffering plastic strain with increases in the cross-sectional area of the asperity above the mean line. Analysis of the wear debris showed the mode of the particle size was 0.01–0.5 μm for all cases. The morphology of the particles varied with aspect ratio of the asperity, with an increased percentage mass of submicrometer-sized debris with increased scratch lip aspect ratio. The finite element results predicted that the maximum surface strains would increase with increasing asperity aspect ratio. Examination of the worn UHMWPE pin surfaces showed an association between increased surface damage, probably due to high surface strains, and increased aspect ratio. The large areas of surface plastic strain predicted for asperities with high cross-sectional areas above the mean line offer an explanation for the positive correlation between wear rate and the average cross-sectional area of the scratch lip material. The higher surface strains predicted for the higher aspect ratios may explain the increased percentage mass of biologically active submicrometer-sized wear particles found for scratch lips with higher aspect ratios. ©©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008979608563
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of polyethylene wear debris, wear rate and head damage in retrieved Charnley hip prostheses (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 11 (2000), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Submicrometer- and micrometer-sized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles have been associated with osteolysis and failure of total artificial joints. Previous studies have isolated predominantly submicrometer-sized particles at the expense of larger particles (〉10 μm). This study aimed to isolate and characterize quantitatively all sizes of UHMWPE wear particles generated in 18 Charnley hip prostheses. In addition, to analyze the wear debris with respect to the total volumetric wear of the cup and damage to the femoral head. Particle size distributions ranged from 0.1 to -〉1000 μm. A significant proportion (3–82%) of the mass of the wear debris isolated was〉10 μm. The mode of the frequency distribution of the particles was in the range 0.1–0.5 μm for all patients. However, analysis of the mass of wear debris as a function of its size allowed differentiation of the wear debris from different patients. Femoral head damage was associated with high volumetric wear and increased numbers of biologically active submicrometer-sized particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008901302646
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Would Switching to Timely Reviews Delay Quarterly and Annual Earnings Releases? (2000)
    Springer
    Review of quantitative finance and accounting 14 (2000), S. 111-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7179
    Keywords: interim reviews ; earnings release lags ; audit report lags ; self-selection bias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The SEC recently issued a proposal to modernize and clarify the regulatory structure of securities offerings. The proposal would allow companies to access capital markets on an almost continuous basis but would require strengthening of the role of independent accountants and other gatekeepers in the registration process. The Commission is seeking comment on whether it “should add to the proposed practices the fact than an independent accountant performed a timely review under SAS 71 of an issuer's quarterly financial information” (SEC, 1998, p. 231). This is the most recent of several proposals, made by the SEC and others, that provides incentives for companies to purchase quarter-end (timely) reviews of their quarterly data. Some managers who currently have their quarterly earnings reviewed only at year-end (retrospective reviews) argue that having a timely review would delay interim earnings releases. Proponents of timely reviews deny that this would occur, and assert that shifting certain review procedures into interim periods would decrease the time needed to release annual earnings. We estimate the quarterly and annual reporting lags that would occur if companies currently selecting retrospective reviews switched to timely reviews. Our results indicate that quarterly earnings release lags would increase, as opponents of mandatory timely review have argued. Switching to timely review would reduce annual earnings release lags only when interim earnings contain unusual components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008384311710
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Examination of Substitution among Monitoring Devices: The Case of Internal and External Audit Expenditures (2000)
    Springer
    Review of quantitative finance and accounting 15 (2000), S. 57-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7179
    Keywords: agency costs ; internal and external auditing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Much of the agency literature assumes that various monitoring devices are partial substitutes in reducing total agency costs. In particular, internal and external auditing often are characterized as monitoring devices that should be partial substitutes. We argue that reliable evidence of this relation is lacking because prior studies using cross-sectional archival data have not carefully considered the implications of microeconomic theory of substitution for the models estimated. Our analysis leads to a reexamination of the relation using time-series data. We find no evidence that systematic substitution of internal for external auditing (or vice versa) occurred during the period 1989–1993. Further analysis indicates that the relative prices of internal and external auditing inputs did not change during the period. Therefore a necessary condition for substitution to occur did not exist. Although we do not detect substitution with our sample, the analysis and methodology we develop contribute to the literature by enhancing researchers’ understanding of substitution among monitoring methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008365720747
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiagent Systems: A Survey from a Machine Learning Perspective (2000)
    Springer
    Autonomous robots 8 (2000), S. 345-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7527
    Keywords: multiagent systems ; machine learning ; survey ; robotics ; intelligent agents ; robotic soccer ; pursuit domain ; homogeneous agents ; heterogeneous agents ; communicating agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) has existed as a subfield of AI for less than two decades. DAI is concerned with systems that consist of multiple independent entities that interact in a domain. Traditionally, DAI has been divided into two sub-disciplines: Distributed Problem Solving (DPS) focuses on the information management aspects of systems with several components working together towards a common goal; Multiagent Systems (MAS) deals with behavior management in collections of several independent entities, or agents. This survey of MAS is intended to serve as an introduction to the field and as an organizational framework. A series of general multiagent scenarios are presented. For each scenario, the issues that arise are described along with a sampling of the techniques that exist to deal with them. The presented techniques are not exhaustive, but they highlight how multiagent systems can be and have been used to build complex systems. When options exist, the techniques presented are biased towards machine learning approaches. Additional opportunities for applying machine learning to MAS are highlighted and robotic soccer is presented as an appropriate test bed for MAS. This survey does not focus exclusively on robotic systems. However, we believe that much of the prior research in non-robotic MAS is relevant to robotic MAS, and we explicitly discuss several robotic MAS, including all of those presented in this issue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008942012299
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