ALBERT

Description: Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-azacytidine (azacitidine) has been shown to alter the natural course of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Treatment with azacitidine is superior to supportive care, with an improved quality of life. Whether this is accomplished by re-expression of silenced genes in vivo has not yet been shown. The promoter of the CDKN2B gene, encoding p15INK4b, is commonly hypermethylated in MDS and this is linked to disease progression and poor prognosis. Patients with transfusion dependent MDS were treated under the NIH compassionate use protocol at King’s College Hospital with ethical approval and informed consent. Patients were studied for clinical response to azacitidine and associated changes in promoter methylation of the CDKN2B, CDKN1A and TP73 genes associated with cell cycle progression was investigated by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR). 17 patients (Male n=13 and Female n=4), with a mean age of 64 years (median 67 years, range 51–81 years), predominantly high risk MDS (FAB: RA, 5q-(n=2), RAEB1 (n=7), RAEB-2 (n=7), AML (n=1)) underwent treatment with at least one cycle of azacitidine (range 1–8 cycles of treatment). Patients previously treated with cytokines (n=2), Farnesyl transferase Inhibitor (Zarnestra n=2) and standard chemotherapy for AML or MDS (n=4) were included in the study. 1 patient (RA 5q-) withdrew after 1 cycle of treatment without adverse event and was not included in the evaluation of efficacy. Azacitidine was administered subcutaneously at 75mg/m2 daily for 7 days every 28 days. Dose reduction by 50% was made for prolonged neutropenia. Bone marrow aspirates and trephines were evaluated after at least one cycle of treatment to assess reponse and for methylation studies. Response was assessed using the International standard working group criteria for MDS (Cheson et al) and six of sixteen patients had a response (37.5%). Complete remission (cytogenetic with loss of 47XX, +8) was seen in one patient and haematological improvement (HI) in five patients. HI-Platelets occurred in 5 patients (major n=3, minor n=2). Median time to a platelet response was 46.5 days (28–84 days) with a mean increase in platelet count of 78.6X109. This was maintained for a mean of 64.75 days (28–115 days). HI-Haemoglobin occured in 1 patient (accompanied by HI-P major), duration 9.5 months. HI -neutrophils occurred in 1 patient. Blast count was 11% mean (0–30%) pre treatment and reduced to 4%(0–14%) post treatment. In 5 patients this was preceded by HI-P, in one patient blast count decreased with worsening cytopenias. Four patients had stable disease and 6 patients failed treatment with either transformation to AML or death (acute pulmonary oedema n=1, GI bleed n=1). Methylation of the CDKN2B, CDKN1A, and TP73 promoters in CD34+, CD33+ and CD34-/CD33- cells were analysed by MS-PCR in 14 patients pre and 7 patients post treatment. At best clinical response, CDKN2B was demethylated in at least one cell fraction in 3/7 and TP73 in 1/7. Conterintuitively, CDKN1A became methylated whilst on treatment in 3/7 cases. Azacitidine is clinically effective in high risk MDS, however the HI- in platelets, reduction in blast counts and demethylation of the promoters investigated occur independently of each other.

Description: Genomic instability is the driving force of disease progression to frank leukemia. Evidence suggests that aberrant repair of double strand breaks (DSB) by non homologous end-joining (NHEJ), a major repair pathway in mammalian cells, can lead to chromosomal instability and cancer. We previously reported significantly increased error-prone NHEJ in preleukemic syndromes, and a variety of myeloid malignancies, and demonstrated that these cells harbor constitutive DNA damage. We postulated that increased NHEJ misrepair may be a response to the increased DNA damage. Here, we have studied a mouse model for myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic syndrome (MPD/MDS) to determine whether the frequency of DNA damage and aberrant NHEJ repair may be an indicator for genomic instability as the disease progresses. Transgenic mice bearing mutant NRAS and BCL-2 driven by the MRP8 promoter, which directs expression of the transgene to committed myeloid progenitors and neutrophils, have a relatively mild phenotype with an increase of immature neutrophils. The BCL2 mice have an increase in marrow blasts, but have normal blood counts. Transgenic mice harboring both mutant NRAS and BCL2 genes results in a disease phenotype morphologically resembling human late MDS (FAB subtypes refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), RAEB in transformation (RAEBt) or chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML)) with increased marrow blasts. We show that the bone marrow and spleen from the NRAS and BCL2 mice demonstrate an increase in the frequency of NHEJ misrepair activity, compared with normal (FVBN) mice (NRAS: 7.6% vs 3.7%, BCL2: 6.5% vs 3.7%, n=3). Strikingly, the NRAS +BCL2 double transgenic mice show a large and significant increase in NHEJ misrepair activity (19.02%, n=3, p