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  • Springer  (23)
  • 2000-2004  (23)
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-Arylmaleimide derivatives (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 563-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Maleimide ; crystal structure ; photopolymerization ; monomer ; conformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nine phenyl substituted N-phenylmaleimide monomers for photopolymerization studies have been characterized by x-ray crystallography. Structures for N-(2′-t-butylphenyl)maleimide (1), P21/n, a = 10.197(3) Å, b = 11.904(4) Å, c = 10.496(5) Å, β = 100.61(3)° N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)maleimide (2), P21/c, a = 11.763(8) Å, b = 10.699(9) Å, c = 8.284(5) Å, β = 90.02(5)° N-(2′,6′-diisopropylphenyl)maleimide hemibenzene solvate (3), Pc, a = 16.747(6) Å, b = 8.552(3) Å, c = 12.899(4) Å, β = 105.08(3)° N-(2′,6′-diisopropylphenyl) maleimide (unsolvated) (4), C2/c, a = 28.146(10) Å, b = 8.434(4) Å, c = 12.881(4) Å, β = 92.20(4)° N-(2′-bromo-3′,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) maleimide (5), P21/n, a = 8.7115(16) Å, b = 16.125(3) Å, c = 9.6707(19) Å, β = 99.757(15)° N-(2′-phenylphenyl)maleimide (6), P21/n, a = 8.519(4) Å, b = 13.742(5) Å, c = 11.147(4) Å, β = 92.25(3)° N-(4′-methoxyphenyl)maleimide (7), P21/n, a = 9.320(3) Å, b = 6.621(2) Å, c = 16.059(6) Å, β = 99.58(3)° N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-methylmaleimide (8), Fdd2, a = 43.362(12) Å, b = 8.202(2) Å, c = 12.720(4) Å and N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-methanosuccinimide (9), Cc, a = 7.708(2) Å, b = 22.191(9) Å, c = 7.137(2) Å, β = 115.76(2)° are described. Molecules with bulky 2′-substituents show larger rotations between the mean phenyl and maleimide ring planes, and varying degrees of distortion to the imide group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011345925270
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    M. Gams, M. Paprzycki and X. Wu, eds., Mind Versus Computer: Were Dreyfus and Winograd Right?, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol. 43, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1997, xiii + 235 pp. (paper), ISBN 90-5199-357-9. (2000)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 10 (2000), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361713173
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A qualitative comparison of some diffusion models for neural activity via stochastic ordering (2000)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 83 (2000), S. 543-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. A number of diffusion processes have been proposed as a continuous analog of Stein's model for the subthreshold membrane potential of a neuron. Interspike intervals are then described as the first-passage-time of the corresponding diffusion model through a suitable threshold. Various biological considerations suggest the use of more sophisticated models in lieu of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model. However, the advantages of the additional complexity are not always clear. Comparisons among different models generally use numerical methods in specific examples without a general sensitivity analysis on the role of the model parameters. Here, we compare the distribution of interspike intervals from different models using the method of stochastic ordering. The qualitative comparison of the role of each parameter extends the results obtained from numerical simulations. One result on neurons with high positive net excitation is that the reversal potential models considered do not greatly differ from the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model. For neurons with increased inhibition, the models give greater differences among the interspike interval distributions. In particular, when the mean trajectories are matched, the Feller model gives shorter times than the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model but longer times than our double reversal potential model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220000179
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations of the effects of ethanol on warfarin binding to human serum albumin (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 7 (2000), S. 114-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Warfarin ; Ethanol ; Human serum albumin ; Binding mechanism ; Protein-ligand interaction ; Fluorescence ; Equilibrium dialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol effects on warfarin binding to human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence methods at pH 7.4 in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C. In the presence of various amounts of ethanol fluorescence intensity of bound warfarin decreased significantly but this intensity reduction was not solely from displacement of bound warfarin from HSA. By comparing fluorescence and equilibrium dialysis data we concluded that fluorescence intensity reduction of warfarin was mainly the result of changes in the surrounding environment of the warfarin binding site by ethanol interaction with HSA and that displacement of bound warfarin was not significant compared to the fluorescence intensity changes. The dissociation constant of warfarin binding to HSA decreased with an increasing amount of ethanol. From the changes in fluorescence intensity upon warfarin binding to HSA with the presence of ethanol ranging from 0 to 5.0% the following dissociation constants (Kd) were determined: 0% ethanol 5.39 ± 0.2 µM, 0.1% ethanol 5.86 ± 0.1 µM, 0.3% ethanol 5.83 ± 0.2 µM, 0.5% ethanol 6.76 ± 0.1 µM, 1% ethanol 7.01 ± 0.1 µM, 3% ethanol 9.9 ± 0.7 µM, 5% ethanol 13.01 ± 0.1 µM. From the equilibrium dialysis with the same ranges of ethanol presence the following Kd values were obtained: 0% ethanol 6.62 ± 1.6 µM, 0.1% ethanol 6.81 ± 1.1 µM, 0.3% ethanol 8.26 ± 2.5 µM, 0.5% ethanol 8.86 ± 1.9 µM, 1% ethanol 11.01 ± 4.2 µM, 3% ethanol 20.75 ± 2.4 µM, 5% ethanol 21.67 ± 2.2 µM. The results suggest that warfarin bound to HSA was displaced by ethanol. These data indicate that ethanol influence on warfarin binding to HSA may alter the pharmacokinetics of warfarin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02256617
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditions for noise reduction and stable encoding of spatial structure by cortical neural networks (2000)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 82 (2000), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Cortical circuits have been proposed to encode information by forming stable spatially structured attractors. Experimentally in the primary somatosensory cortex of the monkey, temporally invariant stimuli lead to spatially structured activity patterns. The purpose of this work is to study a recurrent cortical neural network model with lateral inhibition and examine what effect additive random noise has on the networks' ability to form stable spatially structured representations of the stimulus pattern. We show numerically that this network performs edge enhancement and forms statistically stationary, spatially structured responses when the lateral inhibition is of moderate strength. We then derive analytical conditions on the connectivity matrix that ensure stochasticly stable encoding of the stimulus spatial structure by the network. For stimuli whose strength falls in the near linear region of the sigmoid, we are able to give explicit conditions on the eigenvalues of the connection matrix. Finally, we prove that a network with a connection matrix, where the total excitation and inhibition impinging upon a neural unit are nearly balanced, will yield stable spatial attractor responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220050599
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cells in Sol-Gels I: A Cytocompatible Route for the Production of Macroporous Silica Gels (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 18 (2000), S. 269-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: bacteria ; immobilization ; sol-gel production ; macroporous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel, high hydrolysis ratio sol-gel route for the biocompatible production of macroporous silica gels is presented. This route exploits the two step nature of the gelation reaction to remove undesired alcohol by-products from an acidic aqueous sol prior to gelation. These alcohol-free sols will gel when the pH is raised to the physiologic range in a two-step, acid/base catalyzed process. Furthermore, monolithic macroporous samples can be produced in a controlled manner by introducing water-soluble organic polymers into the sol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008704208324
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved photo-CIDNP methods for studying protein structure and folding (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 16 (2000), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two new techniques offering considerable improvements in the quality of 1H photo-CIDNP spectra of proteins are demonstrated. Both focus on the problem of progressive photo-degradation of the flavin dye used to generate polarization in exposed tryptophan, tyrosine and histidine side-chains. One approach uses rapid addition and removal of protein/flavin solution between light flashes to mix the NMR sample and introduce fresh dye into the laser-irradiated region. The other involves chemical oxidation of photo-reduced flavin by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In both cases a larger number of scans can be accumulated before the flavin is exhausted than would otherwise be possible. The techniques are demonstrated by 600 MHz CIDNP-NOESY spectroscopy of bovine holo-α-lactalbumin, and by real-time CIDNP observation of the refolding of bovine apo-α-lactalbumin following rapid dilution from a high concentration of chemical denaturant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008351128089
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementing Subnational Value Added Taxes on Internal Trade: The Compensating VAT (CVAT) (2000)
    Springer
    International tax and public finance 7 (2000), S. 723-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6970
    Keywords: value-added tax ; state sales tax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Thispaper describes an ingenious and elegant scheme for implementinga destination-based value added tax (VAT) on cross-border tradewithin a nation or group of nations. Sales to local purchasers(registered traders, households, and unregistered traders) wouldbe subject to the local VAT, but sales to purchasers in otherstates would be zero-rated for state VAT and subject insteadto a ``compensating value added tax'' (CVAT). Credit would beallowed for tax on purchases by registered traders: for the localVAT on intrastate purchases and for the CVAT on interstate purchases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008785511498
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Method for Testing Re-Programmable PLAs (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of electronic testing 16 (2000), S. 635-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0727
    Keywords: electrically erasable programmable logic array testing ; manufacturing test development ; bridging faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a method for obtaining a minimal set of test configurations and their associated set of test patterns that completely tests re-programmable Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) including EEPROM, UV-EPROM, and SRAM based re-programmable PLAs typically found in Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs). The resultant set of test configurations and vectors detect all single and multiple stuck-at faults (including line and transistor faults) as well as all bridging faults in the PLA. Previously proposed test methods proposed for EEPROM based PLAs (IEEE Trans. on CAD, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp.935–939, 1994;Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, 1998, pp. 146–154) require additional test hardware as well as a large number of test configurations and vectors for complete testing. Our approach requires no modification to the PLA and only two or four test configurations, depending on the ratio of PLA product terms to inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008377405040
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  • 10
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    Review (2002)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0277-5212
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-6246
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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