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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL: Selection Microbial Populations by Plant and Soil Type and Implications for Disease Suppressiveness (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 243-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.012604.135455
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that collect antigen in body tissues and transport them to draining lymph nodes. Antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to naive T cells, resulting in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. DCs take up antigen through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis via different groups of receptor families, such as Fc receptors for antigen-antibody complexes, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) for glycoproteins, and pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for microbial antigens. Uptake of antigen by CLRs leads to presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. DCs are well equipped to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens by the variable expression of cell-surface receptors such as CLRs and TLRs. In the steady state, DCs are not immunologically quiescent but use their antigen-handling capacities to maintain peripheral tolerance. DCs are continuously sampling and presenting self- and harmless environmental proteins to silence immune activation. Uptake of self-components in the intestine and airways are good examples of sites where continuous presentation of self- and foreign antigens occurs without immune activation. In contrast, efficient antigen-specific immune activation occurs upon encounter of DCs with nonself-pathogens. Recognition of pathogens by DCs triggers specific receptors such as TLRs that result in DC maturation and subsequently immune activation. Here we discuss the concept that cross talk between TLRs and CLRs, differentially expressed by subsets of DCs, accounts for the different pathways to peripheral tolerance, such as deletion and suppression, and immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558
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  • 3
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    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0732-0582
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-3278
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL: Selection of Microbial Populations by Plant and Soil Type and Implications for Disease Suppressiveness (2004)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2107
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STRUCTURAL VIEW OF Cre-loxP SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 87-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structural models of site-specific recombinases from the lambda integrase family of enzymes have in the last four years provided an important new perspective on the three-dimensional nature of the recombination pathway. Members of this family, which include the bacteriophage P1 Cre recombinase, bacteriophage lambda integrase, the yeast Flp recombinase, and the bacterial XerCD recombinases, exchange strands between DNA substrates in a stepwise process. One pair of strands is exchanged to form a Holliday junction intermediate, and the second pair of strands is exchanged during resolution of the junction to products. Crystal structures of reaction intermediates in the Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system, together with recent biochemical studies in the field, support a "strand swapping" model for recombination that does not require branch migration of the Holliday junction intermediate in order to test homology between recombining sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.87
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULES OF THE BACTERIAL CYTOSKELETON (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 33 (2004), S. 177-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The structural elucidation of clear but distant homologs of actin and tubulin in bacteria and GFP labeling of these proteins promises to reinvigorate the field of prokaryotic cell biology. FtsZ (the tubulin homolog) and MreB/ParM (the actin homologs) are indispensable for cellular tasks that require the cell to accurately position molecules, similar to the function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. FtsZ is the organizing molecule of bacterial cell division and forms a filamentous ring around the middle of the cell. Many molecules, including MinCDE, SulA, ZipA, and FtsA, assist with this process directly. Recently, genes much more similar to tubulin than to FtsZ have been identified in Verrucomicrobia. MreB forms helices underneath the inner membrane and probably defines the shape of the cell by positioning transmembrane and periplasmic cell wall-synthesizing enzymes. Currently, no interacting proteins are known for MreB and its relatives that help these proteins polymerize or depolymerize at certain times and places inside the cell. It is anticipated that MreB-interacting proteins exist in analogy to the large number of actin binding proteins in eukaryotes. ParM (a plasmid-borne actin homolog) is directly involved in pushing certain single-copy plasmids to the opposite poles by ParR/parC-assisted polymerization into double-helical filaments, much like the filaments formed by actin, F-actin. Mollicutes seem to have developed special systems for cell shape determination and motility, such as the fibril protein in Spiroplasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.132647
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MEMBRANE TRAFFIC EXPLOITED BY PROTEIN TOXINS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 18 (2002), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A large number of protein toxins having enzymatically active A- and B-moieties that bind to cell surface receptors must be endocytosed before the A-moiety is translocated into the cytosol where it exerts its cytotoxic action. The accumulated information about the most well-studied toxins has provided a detailed picture of how they exploit the membrane trafficking systems of cells, and studies of toxin trafficking have revealed the existance of new pathways. The complexity of different endocytic mechanisms, as well as the multiple routes between endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and retrogradely to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are being unravelled by investigations of how toxins gain access to their targets. With increasing information about the internalization and intracellular trafficking of these opportunistic toxins, new avenues have been opened for their application in areas of medicine such as drug delivery and therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.011502.142107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 38 (2000), S. 379-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The discovery of counterparts in X-ray and optical to radio wavelengths has revolutionized the study of gamma-ray bursts, until recently the most enigmatic of astrophysical phenomena. We now know that gamma-ray bursts are the biggest explosions in nature, caused by the ejection of ultrarelativistic matter from a powerful energy source and its subsequent collision with its environment. We have just begun to uncover a connection between supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, and are finally constraining the properties of the ultimate source of gamma-ray burst energy. We review here the observations that have led to this breakthrough in the field; we describe the basic theory of the fireball model and discuss the theoretical understanding that has been gained from interpreting the new wealth of data on gamma-ray bursts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.379
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POST-AGB STARS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 391-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this contribution, a review is presented on the ample data obtained on post-AGB stars, both on the central stars and their circumstellar material. The fast evolutionary phase is characterized by a rapid change in the properties of the objects, but the variety is so large that there is yet no clear consensus on how the detailed studies of individual objects are linked together by evolutionary channels. The absence of strong molecular veiling in the photospheres of the central stars, together with a spread in intrinsic metallicity make post-AGB stars very useful in constraining AGB chemical evolutionary models. We discuss the surprisingly wide variety of chemical signatures observed. The onset in the creation process of the panoply of structures and shapes observed in planetary nebulae occurs during the short post-AGB evolution, but the physical nature of the processes involved is still badly understood. In the rapidly growing field of circumstellar mineralogy, post-AGB stars have their story to tell and also the molecular envelope changes significantly due to dilution and hardening of the stellar radiation. The real-time evolution of some objects suffering a late thermal flash is reviewed and their possible link to other hydrogen-deficient objects is discussed. Any review on stellar evolution has a section on binaries and this contribution is no exception because binaries make up a significant fraction of the post-AGB stars known to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170018
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROMECHANICS SIMULATIONS OF FRACTURE (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 32 (2002), S. 141-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A fracture mechanics framework has been developed for predicting crack initiation and growth in full-scale components and structures from test specimen data. Much knowledge has also been gained about the mechanisms by which fracture occurs in a variety of materials. However, the development of quantitative connections between models of the physical processes of fracture and macroscale measures of fracture resistance is still at an early stage. A key difficulty is that fracture spans several length scales from the atomistic to the macroscopic scale. In this paper, some analyses are reviewed that use micromechanical modeling to predict fracture toughness from the physics of separation and plastic flow processes. Attention is confined to fracture by cleavage in metal crystals, under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The role of models at the dislocation size scale in bridging the gap between atomistic and continuum descriptions is highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.32.120301.102157
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