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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERPRETING THE EFFECTS OF SMALL UNCHARGED SOLUTES ON PROTEIN-FOLDING EQUILIBRIA (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 271-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Proteins are designed to function in environments crowded by cosolutes, but most studies of protein equilibria are conducted in dilute solution. While there is no doubt that crowding changes protein equilibria, interpretations of the changes remain controversial. This review combines experimental observations on the effect of small uncharged cosolutes (mostly sugars) on protein stability with a discussion of the thermodynamics of cosolute-induced nonideality and critical assessments of the most commonly applied interpretations. Despite the controversy surrounding the most appropriate manner for interpreting these effects of thermodynamic nonideality arising from the presence of small cosolutes, experimental advantage may still be taken of the ability of the cosolute effect to promote not only protein stabilization but also protein self-association and complex formation between dissimilar reactants. This phenomenon clearly has potential ramifications in the cell, where the crowded environment could well induce the same effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.271
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IDENTIFICATION OF SELF THROUGH TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHEMISTRY AND SYNAPSES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 133-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cells in the immune and nervous systems communicate through informational synapses. The two-dimensional chemistry underlying the process of synapse formation is beginning to be explored using fluorescence imaging and mechanical techniques. Early analysis of two-dimensional kinetic rates (kon and koff) and equilibrium constants (Kd) provides a number of biological insights. First, there are two regimes for adhesion-one disordered with slow kon and the other self-ordered with 104-fold faster kon. Despite huge variation in two-dimensional kon, the two-dimensional koff is like koff in solution, and two-dimensional koff is more closely related to intrinsic properties of the interaction than the two-dimensional kon. Thus difference in koff can be used to set signaling thresholds. Early signaling complexes are compartmentalized to generate synergistic signaling domains. Immune antigen receptor components have a role in neural synapse editing. This suggests significant parallels in informational synapse formation based on common two-dimensional chemistry and signaling strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.133
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STANLEY CORRSIN: 1920-1986 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161055
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT, LONG, AND BEYOND: Molecular and Embryological Approaches to Insect Segmentation (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 669-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over the past dozen years, studies comparing the expression of orthologues of the Drosophila segmentation genes among various insects have served to broaden our view of the ways in which insects make segments. The molecular data suggest that, although the overall genetic mechanisms of segmentation during embryogenesis have been conserved, the details of this process vary both within and between various insect orders. Here we summarize comparative gene expression data relevant to segmentation with an emphasis on understanding the extent of molecular patterning prior to gastrulation. These results are discussed in embryological context with an eye toward understanding the evolution of segmentation within insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145251
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral Metabolism (Animal) (1954)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 23 (1954), S. 459-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.23.070154.002331
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAINTAINING THE STABILITY OF NEURAL FUNCTION: A Homeostatic Hypothesis (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 847-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The precise regulation of neural excitability is essential for proper nerve cell, neural circuit, and nervous system function. During postembryonic development and throughout life, neurons are challenged with perturbations that can alter excitability, including changes in cell size, innervation, and synaptic input. Numerous experiments demonstrate that neurons are able to compensate for these types of perturbation and maintain appropriate levels of excitation. The mechanisms of compensation are diverse, including regulated changes to synaptic size, synaptic strength, and ion channel function in the plasma membrane. These data are evidence for homeostatic regulatory systems that control neural excitability. A model of neural homeostasis suggests that information about cell activity, cell size, and innervation is fed into a system of cellular monitors. Intracellular- and intercellular-signaling systems transduce this information into regulated changes in synaptic and ion channel function. This review discusses evidence for such a model of homeostatic regulation in the nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.847
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DYNAMICS OF CELL SURFACE MOLECULES DURING T CELL RECOGNITION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 717-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes is a very important component of vertebrate immunity-vital to the clearance of pathogenic organisms and particular viruses and necessary, indirectly, for the production of high affinity antibodies. T cell recognition is mediated by the systematic scanning of cell surfaces by T cells, which collectively express many antigen receptors. When the appropriate antigenic peptide bound to a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex is found-even in minute quantities-a series of elaborate cell-surface molecule and internal rearrangements take place. The sequence of events and the development of techniques required to observe these events have significantly enhanced our understanding of T cell recognition and may find application in other systems of transient cell:cell interactions as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161625
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SYNAPSE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 19 (2001), S. 375-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adaptive immune response is initiated by the interaction of T cell antigen receptors with major histocompatibility complex molecule-peptide complexes in the nanometer scale gap between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell, referred to as an immunological synapse. In this review we focus on the concept of immunological synapse formation as it relates to membrane structure, T cell polarity, signaling pathways, and the antigen-presenting cell. Membrane domains provide an organizational principle for compartmentalization within the immunological synapse. T cell polarization by chemokines increases T cell sensitivity to antigen. The current model is that signaling and formation of the immunological synapse are tightly interwoven in mature T cells. We also extend this model to natural killer cell activation, where the inhibitory NK synapse provides a striking example in which inhibition of signaling leaves the synapse in its nascent, inverted state. The APC may also play an active role in immunological synapse formation, particularly for activation of naive T cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.375
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAP KINASES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 20 (2002), S. 55-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MAP kinases are among the most ancient signal transduction pathways and are widely used throughout evolution in many physiological processes. In mammalian species, MAP kinases are involved in all aspects of immune responses, from the initiation phase of innate immunity, to activation of adaptive immunity, and to cell death when immune function is complete. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways in these phases of immune responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.091301.131133
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS MEDIATING T CELL ANTIGEN RECOGNITION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 21 (2003), S. 659-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade, key protein interactions contributing to T cell antigen recognition have been characterized in molecular detail. These have included interactions involving the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) itself, its coreceptors CD4 and CD8, the accessory molecule CD2, and the costimulatory receptors CD28 and CTLA-4. A clear view is emerging of how these molecules interact with their ligands at the cell-cell interface. Structural and binding studies have confirmed that the proteins span small but comparable distances and that, overall, they interact very weakly. However, there have been important surprises as well: that TCR interactions with peptide-MHC are topologically constrained and characterized by considerable conformational flexibility at the binding interface; that coreceptors engage peptide-MHC with extraordinarily fast kinetics and at angles apparently precluding direct interactions with the TCR bound to the same peptide-MHC; that the structural mechanisms allowing recognition by costimulatory and accessory molecules to be weak and yet specific are very heterogeneous; and that because of differences in both binding affinity and stoichiometry, there is enormous variation in the stability of the various costimulatory receptor/ligand complexes. These studies provide the necessary framework for exploring how these molecular interactions initiate T cell activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141036
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