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  • Articles  (625)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (480)
  • 1955-1959  (145)
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  • Articles  (625)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS OF TELEOST FISHES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 63 (2001), S. 359-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1oC colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative lowering of the freezing point. AFPs are typically secreted by the liver into the blood. Recently, however, it has become clear that AFP isoforms are produced in the epidermis (skin, scales, fin, and gills) and may serve as a first line of defense against ice propagation into the fish. The basis for the adsorption of AFPs to ice is something of a mystery and is complicated by the extreme structural diversity of the five antifreeze types. Despite the recent acquisition of several AFP three-dimensional structures and the definition of their ice-binding sites by mutagenesis, no common ice-binding motif or even theme is apparent except that surface-surface complementarity is important for binding. The remarkable diversity of antifreeze types and their seemingly haphazard phylogenetic distribution suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciation occurring just 1-2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10-30 million years ago around Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the expression of AFP genes from different origins can also be quite dissimilar. The most intensively studied system is that of the winter flounder, which has a built-in annual cycle of antifreeze expression controlled by growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary in tune with seasonal cues. The signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, and promoter elements involved in this process are just beginning to be characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
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  • 2
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    Antifreeze Proteins of Teleost Fishes (2001)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1°C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative lowering of the freezing point. AFPs are typically secreted by the liver into the blood. Recently, however, it has become clear that AFP isoforms are produced in the epidermis (skin, scales, fin, and gills) and may serve as a first line of defense against ice propagation into the fish. The basis for the adsorption of AFPs to ice is something of a mystery and is complicated by the extreme structural diversity of the five antifreeze types. Despite the recent acquisition of several AFP three-dimensional structures and the definition of their ice-binding sites by mutagenesis, no common ice-binding motif or even theme is apparent except that surface-surface complementarity is important for binding. The remarkable diversity of antifreeze types and their seemingly haphazard phylogenetic distribution suggest that these proteins might have evolved recently in response to sea level glaciation occurring just 1–2 million years ago in the northern hemisphere and 10–30 million years ago around Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the expression of AFP genes from different origins can also be quite dissimilar. The most intensively studied system is that of the winter flounder, which has a built-in annual cycle of antifreeze expression controlled by growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary in tune with seasonal cues. The signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, and promoter elements involved in this process are just beginning to be characterized.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4278
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-1585
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REGULATED AND UNREGULATED PHOSPHORYLASES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Species and tissue-specific isozymes of phosphorylase display differences in regulatory properties consistent with their distinct roles in particular organisms and tissues. In this review, we compare crystallographic structures of regulated and unregulated phosphorylases, including maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP) from Escherichia coli, glycogen phosphorylase from yeast, and mammalian isozymes from muscle and liver tissues. Mutagenesis and functional studies supplement the structural work and provide insights into the structural basis for allosteric control mechanisms. MalP, a simple, unregulated enzyme, is contrasted with the more complicated yeast and mammalian phosphorylases that have evolved regulatory sites onto the basic catalytic architecture. The human liver and muscle isozymes show differences structurally in their means of invoking allosteric activation. Phosphorylation, though common to both the yeast and mammalian enzymes, occurs at different sites and activates the enzymes by surprisingly different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYPOVIRUSES AND CHESTNUT BLIGHT: Exploiting Viruses to Understand and Modulate Fungal Pathogenesis (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 35 (2001), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal viruses are considered unconventional because they lack an extracellular route of infection and persistently infect their hosts, often in the absence of apparent symptoms. Because mycoviruses are limited to intracellular modes of transmission, they can be considered as intrinsic fungal genetic elements. Such long-term genetic interactions, even involving apparently asymptomatic mycoviruses, are likely to have an impact on fungal ecology and evolution. One of the clearest examples supporting this view is the phenomenon of hypovirulence (virulence attenuation) observed for strains of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, harboring members of the virus family Hypoviridae. The goal of this chapter is to document recent advances in hypovirus molecular genetics and to provide examples of how that progress is leading to the identification of virus-encoded determinants responsible for altering fungal host phenotype, insights into essential and dispensable elements of hypovirus replication, revelations concerning the role of G-protein signaling in fungal pathogenesis, and new avenues for enhancing biological control potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.085929
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN OSTEOBLAST RESPONSE TO IMPLANT SURFACE MORPHOLOGY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts respond to surface topography with altered morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The effects observed vary with cell culture model and the topographical features of the surface. In general, increased surface roughness is associated with decreased proliferation and increased differentiation. Cell responses to hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are altered as well, as is autocrine production of these factors. The cells interact with the surface via integrin receptors, and their expression is also surface roughness-dependent. Integrin binding to cell attachment proteins activates signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. These signaling pathways are also used by regulatory factors, which results in synergistic responses. Prostaglandins are important mediators of the surface effects, and both constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.31.1.357
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemistry of Cancer (1958)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 27 (1958), S. 137-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.27.070158.001033
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Structure of Proteins (1959)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 28 (1959), S. 97-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.28.070159.000525
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTICALLY DETECTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 55 (2004), S. 509-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The review describes the studies of the magneto-optical properties of II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) capped with organic or inorganic epitaxial shells. The investigations focused on the chemical identification of localization sites (core, shell, or interface) of photogenerated carriers in spherical NCs and elucidated the influence of the surface/interface quality on the optical properties of the materials. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy was used for the study of the proposed physical properties. The ODMR method provides the means to identify the surface/interface sites and correlate them with specific optical transition. In addition, this method reveals information about the spin multiplicity of band edge and trapped states and the electron-hole exchange interaction, determines the spectroscopic g-factors, distinguishes between the radiative and nonradiative characteristic of a trapping site, and evaluates the spin-lattice relaxation times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094359
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS (H-PDLCs)1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 30 (2000), S. 83-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of switchable holographic gratings from polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs) allows for the development of switchable transmissive and reflective diffractive optics. These structures are created by the coherent interference of laser radiation within a syrup containing photoreactive monomer, initiator, and liquid crystal. Local differences in photopolymerization rates induce phase separation of discrete LC domains to occur periodically commensurate with the period of the interference pattern. These spatially periodic gratings of nano-scale sized LC domains can be formed on grating length scales ranging from 100 nm to microns depending on the optics of fabrication. True Bragg gratings are formed with spacings typically less than 1 mum. Owing to the refractive profile generated by this periodic two-phase structure, diffraction of light occurs. Electrical switching of the average director orientation within the LC domains results in a modulation of diffracted radiation. This technology serves as the basis for the fabrication of switchable diffractive optical elements. We review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLC technology including the materials used to date, the resulting electro-optical properties, the importance of grating formation dynamic measurements, and structure/property relationships developed using solid state morphology techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.83
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 40 (2000), S. 67-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We propose a framework for considering the role of pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development and an appraisal of its current and potential impact on that activity. After some introduction, definitions, and background information on drug development, we discuss subject-matter models that underlie pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and show how they determine appropriate statistical models. We discuss the broad role modeling can play in drug development, enhancing primarily the "learning" steps, i.e. acquiring the information needed for the label and for planning efficient confirmatory clinical trials. Examples of past applications of modeling to drug development are presented in tabular form, followed by a discussion of some practical issues in application. Modeling will not reach its potential utility until it is manifest as a visible and separate work unit within a drug development program. We suggest that that work unit is the "in numero" study: a protocol-driven exercise designed to extract additional information, and/or answer a specific drug-development question, through an integrated model-based (meta-) analysis of existent raw data, often pooled across separate (clinical) studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.67
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