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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird der Mechanismus der Monomerübertragung bei der kationischen Polymerisation von o- und p-Methoxystyrol untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Monomeren bei 30°, 0° und -20 °C mit BF3 · O(C2H5)2 polymerisiert und das Verhältnis der Monomerübertragungskonstanten (ktm/kp) sowie der Einfluß des Lösungsmittels (CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 und C2H4Cl2) auf ktm/kp bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden o- und p-Methoxystyrol copolymerisiert und der Einfluß der elektrostatischen und sterischen Eigenschaften der Substituenten auf die Monomeriibertragung studiert.Es wurde gefunden, daß das Verhältnis ktm/kp, bei o-Methoxystyrol vom Lösungsmittel unbeeinflußt bleibt, während es bei p-Methoxystyrol mit wachsender Dielektrizitätskon-stante des Lösungsmittels abnimmt, wie es schon bei der Polymerisation von Styrol und Chlorstyrol festgestellt wurdc. Es wurde weiterhin gefunden, daß die Methoxysubstitution des Styrols in p-Stellung den Wachstumsschritt mehr beschleunigt als die Monomerüber-tragung. Bei Substitution in o-Stellung liegen die umgekehrten Verhältnisse vor.Aus diesen Ergebnissen und denen an Styrol und Chlorstyrol kann geschlossen werden, daO die Monomerübertragung bei der Polymerisation von Styrolderivaten über eine Alkylierungsreaktion zwischen dem wachsenden Ionenpaar und der Phenylgruppe im Monomeren läuft.Die Ergebnisse quantenmechanischer Berechnungen des Wachstumsschritts und der Monomerübertragung nach der Molekular- Orbital-Methode sowie UR-Analysen der Endgruppen des resultierenden Polymeren bestatigen den Mechanismus.Es wird ebenfalls die spontane Abbruchsreaktion bei der Polymerisation von Methoxystyrol diskutiert
    Notes: In order to investigate the machanism of the monomer transfer reaction in cationic polymerization, o- and p-methoxystyrene were polymerized by BF3 et2O at 30°, 0° and -20 °C. to estimate monomer transfer constant ratio, and the effects of solvents (CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 and C2H4Cl2) were studied. Considering the experimental results in copolymerizations of styrene with o- and p-methoxystyrene together, the electrostatic and steric effect of the substituent on the monomer transfer reaction were investigated.It was found that the nature of the solvent did not affect ktm/kp of o-methoxystyrene, but that ktm/kp of p-methoxystyrene decreased with increasing dielectric constant of the solvent as was found in the polymerization of styrene and chlorostyrenes. It was also found that methoxy substitution at para-position of styrene increased the activity of styrene in the propagation reaction more than in the monomer transfer reaction, but that methoxy substitution at ortho-position of styrene increased the activity of styrene in the monomer transfer reaction more than in the propagation reaction.From these results and by considering the results on styrerne and chlorostyrenes, it was conceivable that the monomer transfer reaction in the polymerization of styrene derivatives proceeds through an alkylation reaction between the growing ion-pair and the phenyl group in the monomer.The results of the molecular orbital calculation on the propagation and the monomer transfer reaction of methoxystyrenes and the infrared analysis of the end group of the resultant polymers supported the mechanism.The spontaneous termination reaction in the polymerization of methoxystyrenes is discussed, too.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A study was made of two ultraluminous X-ray soures (ULXs) in the nearby face-on, late-type Sb galaxy NGC 1313 using data from Suzaku, the 5th Japanese X-ray satellite. Within the 90 ks observation, both sources named X-1 and X-2 exhibited luminosity change by about 50%. The 0.4-10 keV X-ray luminosity was measured to be 2.5 x 10(exp 40) erg per second and 5.8 x 10 erg per second for X-1 and X-2, respectively, requiring a black hole of 50-200 solar mass in order not to exceed the Eddingtion limit. For X-1: the spectrum exhibited a strong power-law component with a high energy cutoff which is thought to arise from strong Comptonization by a disk corona, suggesting the source was in a very high state. Absorption line features with equivalent widths of 40-80 eV found at 7.0 keV and 7.8 keV in the X-1 spectrum support the presence of a highly ionized plasma and a high mass accretion rate on the system. Oxygen abundance of the NGC 1313 circumstellar matter toward X-1 was found to be subsolar, viz. O/H = (5.0 plus or minus 1.0) x 10(exp -4). The spectrum of X-2 in fainter phase is best represented by a multicolor disk blackbody model with T (sub in) = 1.2-1.3 keV and becomes flatter as the flux increases; the source is interpreted to be in a slim disk state.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: BD +30deg 3639, the brightest planetary nebula at X-ray energies, was observed with Suzaku, an X-ray observatory launched on 2005 July 10. Using the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer, the K-lines from C VI, O VII, and O VIII were resolved for the first time, and C/O, N/O, and Ne/O abundance ratios determined. The C/O abundance ratio exceeds the solar value by nearly two orders of magnitude, and that of Ne/O by at least a factor of 5. These results indicate that the X-rays are emitted mainly by helium shell-burning products.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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