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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jasmonic acid is involved in the water-stress-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Jasmonic acid (JA) is known to be involved in the response of plants to environmental stresses such as drought, and betaine (glycinebetaine) is an osmopretectant accumulated in plants under environmental stresses including drought. However, it remains currently unclear whether JA is involved in the water-stress-induced betaine accumulation in plant leaves. The present experiment, performed with the whole pear plant (Pyrus bretschneideri Redh. cv. Suli), revealed that the exogenously applied JA induced a significant increase of the betaine level in the pear leaves when the plants were not yet stressed by drought, and when the plants were subjected to water stress, the ‘JA plus drought’ treatment induced a significant higher betaine level than did the drought treatment alone. Meanwhile, the ‘JA plus drought’ treatment induced higher levels of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, E C 1.2.1.8) and activities in the leaves than did the drought treatment alone. These results obtained in the whole plant experiments were supported by the results of detached leaf experiments. In detached leaves JA induced significant increases in betaine levels, BADH activities and BADH protein amounts in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that JA is involved in the drought-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01167.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propagation of yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV) in a new nodavirus-susceptible cell line from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel), brain tissue (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A nodavirus was isolated from diseased yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara, larvae cultured in southern Taiwan. The histopathology and RT–PCR results confirmed that it was a fish nodavirus; its coat protein gene sequence was similar to that of red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and it is named yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV). A new nodavirus-susceptible cell line, grouper brain (GB) was established and characterized from the brain tissue of yellow grouper. The GB cells multiplied well in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at temperatures between 24 and 32 °C, and have been subcultured more than 80 times, becoming a continuous cell line. The GB cell line consists of fibroblast-like cells and some epithelioid cells. The cell line yielded titres of YGNNV up to 108.5 TCID50 mL–1. The GB cells effectively replicated the virus at 28 °C, which could be purified to homogeneity by caesium chloride gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy studies showed that purified virus particles were 25–30 nm in diameter. The cytoplasm of infected cells was filled with aggregates of virus particles. These results indicate that the GB cell line is a significant tool for the study of fish nodaviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00303.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal by meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal on growth and feed utilization of gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Triplicate groups of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (initial body weight: 5.25 ± 0.02 g) were fed for 8 weeks at 20–25 °C on five isonitrogenous (crude protein: 400 g kg−1) and isoenergetic diets (gross energy: 17 kJ g−1). Meat and bone meal (MBM) or poultry by-product meal (PBM) were used to replace fish meal at different levels of protein. The control diet contained fish meal as the sole protein source. In the other four diets, 150 or 500 g kg−1 of fish meal protein was substituted by MBM (MBM15, MBM50) or PBM (PBM15, PBM50). The results showed that feeding rate for the MBM50 group was significantly higher than for other groups except the PBM50 group (P 〈 0.05). Growth rate in the MBM15 group was significantly higher than that in the control (P 〈 0.05), while there was no significant difference in growth between the control and other groups (P 〉 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in MBM50 was significantly lower while that in MBM15 was significantly higher (P 〈 0.05). Replacement of fish meal by MBM at 500 g kg−1 protein significantly decreased apparent dry matter digestibility (ADCD) and gross energy (ADCE) while apparent protein digestibility (ADCP) was significantly decreased by the replacement of MBM or PBM (P 〈 0.05). The results suggest that MBM and PBM could replace up to 500 g kg−1 of fish meal protein in diets for gibel carp without negative effects on growth while 150 g kg−1 replacement by MBM protein improved feed utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00301.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on ensiling safflower forage (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ensiling characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) wilted to 290 and 411 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 fresh material were studied in 1·5 l glass jars. The experiment included a control and the application of Lactobacillus plantarum at 3·3 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu) per g of crop. After 60 days of ensiling, the pH of safflower silages was 4·6 and 4·0 in the control and inoculated silages respectively, with corresponding values for lactic acid, the major fermentation product, of 20 and 45 g kg−1 DM. The silages from the anaerobic jars were stable upon aerobic exposure. It is concluded the safflower silage has potential as an alternative fodder in semiarid regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00314.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the ipomoelin gene from sweet potato is regulated by dephosphorylated proteins, calcium ion and ethylene (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A wound-inducible cDNA, ipomoelin (IPO) was isolated from the subtraction library of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Tainung 57) and used as a molecular probe to investigate the transduction pathway of wounding signal within plant cells. Following mechanical wounding of the leaves of sweet potato, IPO mRNA accumulation peaked at 6 h and then continuously declined. However, IPO gene expression in the apical unwounded leaves began at 6 h after wounding and continued for a further 10 h. Besides mechanical wounding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was identified as a signal transducer leading to the accumulation of IPO mRNA. Treatment with salicylic acid reduced the production of IPO mRNA, further supporting the involvement of the octadecanoid pathway in the signal transduction of wounding in sweet potato. In addition, ethylene was involved in the signal pathway and induced the expression of the IPO gene. Furthermore, the application of okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, blocked the accumulation of IPO mRNA induced by MeJA or ethylene, indicating that activation of the IPO gene by both MeJA and ethylene was via dephosphorylated proteins. The presence of a calcium ion chelator or channel blockers also inhibited the expression of the IPO gene after wounding. However, investigation by confocal scanning microscopy further pointed out that mechanical wounding rather than the application of MeJA induced the accumulation of the calcium ion. These results may indicate that the calcium ion is also involved in the activation of IPO mRNA. In addition, wounding signals the accumulation of calcium ion first and then stimulates the biosynthesis of MeJA in sweet potato. Hence, the reaction sequence of signal transducers, including the calcium ion, MeJA and protein kinase/phosphatase, in the wounding signalling pathway of sweet potato is suggested in this report.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01062.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein digestibility and amino acid availability of several protein sources for juvenile Chinese hairy crab Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Grapsidae) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Apparent and true values of protein digestibility (APD vs. TPD) and amino acid availability (AAAA vs. TAAA) of casein, gelatin, fish meal, shrimp meal, soybean meal and spirulina meal were determined for juvenile Chinese hairy crab Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards. Assay diets were prepared by incorporation of 20% of a protein source into a reference diet. A protein-free diet (PFD) was used to estimate the metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) content and amino acid composition (MFAA). MFN content was 445.3 mg 100 g−1 PFD. MFAA ranged from 19.6 mg 100 g−1 PFD for tryptophan to 228.5 mg 100 g−1 PFD for glutamic acid. Casein and gelatin trended towards higher APD, while fish meal had the lower APD and TPD. Although there was reasonable agreement between protein digestibility and average amino acid availability, protein sources had significant effects on AAAA and TAAA. For total amino acids and most individual amino acids, casein and gelatin were relatively higher both in AAAA and in TAAA, soybean meal and spirulina meal intermediate, while fish meal was lower. Data of AAAA and TAAA suggest that soybean meal and spirulina meal could be used as substitutes for animal proteins. Individual AAAAs and TAAAs were variable within and among protein sources. Those results suggest that determination of amino acid availabilities is necessary for the more accurate and economical feed formulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00498.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two iridovirus-susceptible cell lines established from kidney and liver of grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel), and partial characterization of grouper iridovirus (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two iridovirus-susceptible cell lines were established and characterized from grouper Epinephelus awoara kidney and liver tissues. These cell lines have been designated GK and GL, respectively. The cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium, supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, at temperatures between 20 and 32 °C, and have been subcultured more than 120 times, becoming continuous cell lines. The cell lines consist of a heterogeneous mixture of fibroblastic and epithelial cells. The viability of cells, stored frozen in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C), was 95% after 1 year. Chromosome morphologies of GK and GL cells were homogeneous. Both cell lines were susceptible to grouper iridovirus, and yielded high titres of up to 108 TCID50 mL−1. In addition, both cell lines effectively replicated the virus, which could be purified to homogeneity by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy studies showed that purified virus particles were 170±10 nm in diameter, and were hexagonal in shape. Virus-infected cells showed an abundance of virus particles inside the cytoplasm. These results show that the GK and GL cell lines effectively replicate grouper iridovirus, and can be used as a tool for studying fish iridoviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00247.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of rutin and harmaline on rat reflux oesophagitis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 22 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of rutin and harmaline (1-methyl-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline) on the development of the surgically induced reflux oesophagitis, on gastric secretion, lipid peroxidation, polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) accumulation, superoxide and hydroxyl radical production in PMNs, cytokine [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] production in blood and [Ca2+]i mobilization in PMNs. 2 Rutin and harmaline significantly prevented the development of reflux oesophagitis and gastric secretion. Treatments of oesophagitis rats with rutin and harmaline inhibited lipid peroxidation, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the oesophagus in comparison with untreated rats. 3 Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production in 1 μm formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP)- or 0.1 μg ml−1N-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated PMNs was inhibited by rutin and harmaline in a dose-dependent fashion. Rutin and harmaline effectively scavenged the hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. Treatments of oesophagitis rats with rutin and harmaline inhibited IL-1β production in the oesophagus in comparison with untreated rats, but TNF-α production was not affected by rutin and harmaline. The fMLP-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i was inhibited by rutin. 4 The results of this study suggest that rutin and harmaline may have beneficial protective effects against reflux oesophagitis by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production (i.e. IL-1β), and intracellular calcium mobilization in PMNs in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00241.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence showing that β-adrenoceptor subtype responsible for the relaxation induced by isoprenaline is principally β2 but not β1 in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 The present study was carried out to pharmacologically identify the β-adrenoceptor subtype that mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation in the isolated guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle, to answer the question whether it is β1- or β2-subtype? 2 Isoprenaline as well as salbutamol, a well-known β2-selective adrenoceptor agonist, produced a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD2 value of 8.12 vs. 7.54 for salbutamol. 3 Isoprenaline-elicited relaxation was not affected by β1-selective antagonists, atenolol and CGP-20,712A, within the concentration ranges supposed to antagonize β1-subtype: atenolol, ≤10−6 m; CGP-20,712A, ≤10−8 m. 4 By contrast, the concentration–response curves for isoprenaline as well as salbutamol were shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by atenolol at the concentrations ≥3 × 10−6 m. However, pA2 values of atenolol against isoprenaline (5.86) and salbutamol (5.71) were consistent with the value corresponding to β2- but not to β1-subtype (around 7.00), and these values were not significantly different from each other. 5 Competitive antagonism of the relaxations to isoprenaline and salbutamol were also obtained with β2-selective antagonists, butoxamine and ICI-118,551. Against isoprenaline and salbutamol, the pA2 values of butoxamine (6.51 vs. 6.81) and ICI-118,551 (8.83 vs. 8.90) were substantially identical. Thus the primary mediation of β2-receptor in the relaxations was strongly supported. 6 The present findings provide evidence that the β-adrenoceptor which mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle is essentially β2- but not β1-subtype. The present study also indicates the importance of using multiple receptor antagonists with different pA2 values to pharmacologically identify the responsible receptor subtype in smooth muscle mechanical responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00314.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential regulation by Ca2+ of calmodulin- and PKC-dependent contractile pathways in cat lower oesophageal sphincter (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 In the present investigation we examined the regulation of calmodulin (CaM)- and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathways by cytosolic Ca2+ in the contraction of cat lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). 2 Force developed in response to increasing doses of acetylcholine (ACh) was directly related to the increase of the [Ca2+]i measured by fura-2. Thapsigargin, which depletes Ca2+ stores, reduced the contraction and the [Ca2+]i. In addition, contraction in response to maximal ACh was reduced by the CaM inhibitor CGS9343B but not by the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine. The contraction in response to submaximal ACh was reduced by chelerythrine but not by CGS9343B. 3 In permeabilized cells, the contraction in response to low Ca2+ (0.54 μm) was also reduced by CGS9343B. 4 The response to high Ca2+ (1.0 μm) was reduced by CGS9343B. ACh also inhibited PKC activation induced by diacylglycerol, which activation is inhibited by the N-myristoylated peptide inhibitor derived from pseudosubstrate sequences of PKCαβγ (myr-PKC-αβγ), but not of myr-PKC-α. 5 These data are consistent with the view that activated CaM-dependent pathways inhibit PKC-dependent pathways, this switch mechanism might be regulated by Ca2+ in the LES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00302.x
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