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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Carbon and nitrogen cycling in european forest ecosystems (2000)
    New York [u.a.] : Springer-Verl.
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK N 076-00-0448
    In: Ecological studies
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 500 p. + CD
    ISBN: 3540670254
    Series Statement: Ecological studies 142
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The long way from Kyoto to Marrakesh: Implications of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations for global ecology (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The Sixth and Seventh Conference of the Parties (COP 6 and 7) at The Hague, Bonn and Marrakesh came to a final Agreement on the Kyoto Protocol, which is thus ready for ratification by the individual nations. The Agreement was only achieved by allowing countries to offset their fossil fuel emission targets (on average 95% of the 1990 emissions) by increasing biological carbon sequestration, and by trading carbon credits. Activities that would count as increasing biological carbon sequestration include afforestation and reforestation, and changes in management of agriculture and forestry. According to the Agreement reached in Marrakesh, biological carbon sequestration may reach an offset of up to 80% of the required reduction in fossil fuel emissions (4% of the 5% reduction commitment). We explain why the allowable offset rose as high during the course of the negotiations. It is highlighted that major unintended consequences may be a result of the policy as it stands in the Marrakesh Accord. Major losses of biodiversity and primary forest are expected. We present scientific concerns regarding verification, which lead to scientific doubts that the practices encouraged by the Agreement can actually increase sequestration under a full carbon accounting scheme. We explain that there is a ‘win-win’ option that would protect high carbon pools and biodiversity in an economically efficient way. But, this is not supported by the Agreement. Despite the very positive signal that most nations of the United Nations will devote major efforts towards climate protection, there remains a most urgent need to develop additional rules to avoid unintended outcomes, and to promote the ‘win-win’ options that we explain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00523.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2 exchange in Thuringia, Germany (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Eddy covariance was used to measure the net CO2 exchange (NEE) over ecosystems differing in land use (forest and agriculture) in Thuringia, Germany. Measurements were carried out at a managed, even-aged European beech stand (Fagus sylvatica, 70–150 years old), an unmanaged, uneven-aged mixed beech stand in a late stage of development (F. sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplantanus, and other hardwood trees, 0–250 years old), a managed young Norway spruce stand (Picea abies, 50 years old), and an agricultural field growing winter wheat in 2001, and potato in 2002. Large contrasts were found in NEE rates between the land uses of the ecosystems. The managed and unmanaged beech sites had very similar net CO2 uptake rates (∼−480 to −500 g C m−2 yr−1). Main differences in seasonal NEE patterns between the beech sites were because of a later leaf emergence and higher maximum leaf area index at the unmanaged beech site, probably as a result of the species mix at the site. In contrast, the spruce stand had a higher CO2 uptake in spring but substantially lower net CO2 uptake in summer than the beech stands. This resulted in a near neutral annual NEE (−4 g C m−2 yr−1), mainly attributable to an ecosystem respiration rate almost twice as high as that of the beech stands, despite slightly lower temperatures, because of the higher elevation. Crops in the agricultural field had high CO2 uptake rates, but growing season length was short compared with the forest ecosystems. Therefore, the agricultural land had low-to-moderate annual net CO2 uptake (−34 to −193 g C m−2), but with annual harvest taken into account it will be a source of CO2 (+97 to +386 g C m−2). The annually changing patchwork of crops will have strong consequences on the regions' seasonal and annual carbon exchange. Thus, not only land use, but also land-use history and site-specific management decisions affect the large-scale carbon balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00863.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term and long-term effects of plant water deficits on stomatal response to humidity in Corylus avellana L. (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Humidity response ; Stomata ; Transpiration ; Water potential ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short-term (hours) changes in plant water status were induced in hazel (Corylus avellana L.) by changing the evaporative demand on a major portion of the shoot while maintaining a branch in a constant environment. Stomatal conductance of leaves on the branch was influenced little by these short-term changes in water status even with changes in leaf water potential as great as 8 bars. Long-term (days) changes in plant water status were imposed by soil drying cycles. Stomatal conductance progessively decreased with increases in long-term water stress. Stomata still responded to humidity with long-term water stress but the range of the conductance response decreased. Threshold responses of stomata to leaf water potential were not observed with either short-term or long-term changes in plant water status even when leaves wilted. It is suggested that concurrent measurements of plant water status may not be sufficient for explaining stomatal and other plant responses to drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387804
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spacial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of northern Germany (1977)
    Springer
    Oecologia 29 (1977), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Net photosynthesis of Picea abies was measured in a spruce forest in northern Germany with temperature- and humidity-controlled cuvettes in 4 different crown layers on shoots of different ages. These measurments were performed such that temperature and humidity either followed ambient conditions or were kept constant. Annual courses of light-, temperature-, and humidity-related net photosynthesis were determined. Spruce had a remarkably constant rate of CO2 uptake from April to September for 1-year and older needles. Light saturation was achieved at 25 klx. Current year needles had the highest rates of CO2 uptake in early summer, but these rates decreased by autumn. Photosynthetic capacity decreased with needle age and, on a dry weight basis, it was higher in the shade than in the sun crown. The temperature optimum was between 13 and 23° C. Photosynthesis in spruce decreased when air humidity was low. The effect of the natural weather conditions on photosynthetic capacity was determined. The habitat is characterized by a high frequency of low light intensities (75% of total daytime below 20 klx) and cool temperatures (80% of daytime between 9 and 21° C). Low air humidity was only present when light intensities were high. The major limiting factor for production was low light intensities, which reduced photosynthetic capacity in the sun crown to 42% below maximum possible rates. Adverse temperatures reduced CO2 uptake by 28% and large water vapor pressure deficits reduced rates by only 2% compared with maximum possible rates. The limited adaptation to light is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345806
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal and diurnal courses of water relations of the arido-active plant Hammada scoparia in the Negev desert (1975)
    Springer
    Oecologia 21 (1975), S. 175-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The photosynthesizing branches of Hammada scoparia, one of the typical dwarf shrubs of the Negev desert, undergo a seasonal change from succulent to xeromorphic anatomy. This trend is accompanied by a marked decrease of water content and of total water Ψ plant and osmotic Ψ π plant potential. Irrigated plants do not show such transitions. The daily courses of Ψ plant and Ψ π plant showed minima around noon and a tendency for maxima before sunrise. Turgor pressure Ψ p plant reached minima around noon and became negative (until ca.-10 bars). Generally, Ψ plant decreases with increasing water vapour concentration difference between plant and air (WD) in the first half of the day, and in the second half the reversal of this trend occurs. Mostly smaller increments of Ψ plant were correlated with larger increases in WD which lead to the conclusion that stomates closed enough to maintain transpiration at a constant value. Non-irrigated and irrigated plants showed different hysteresis loops of relation between Ψ plant and WD. Regulatory reduction of transpiration appears largely independently of Ψ plant which is in spring and with irrigated plants on a high level, with non-irrigated plants in summer on a low level. In summer the continous but decreasing drop of Ψ plant with increasing WD was interpreted as caused by a change in soil or root resistance. Independent of the seasonal state and of the Ψ plant level, H. scoparia regulates its water status within limited ranges of Ψ p plant changes: the irrigated plants on a higher level, the non-irrigated on a lower level of Ψ p plant . The water contents of the tissues of H. scoparia are linearily related to Ψ plant as well as Ψ p plant . Steeper slopes with non-irrigated plants in summer than with spring palnts and with irrigated plants during the whole season signify that in the latter a certain increment in turgor pressure corresponds to a large gain in water content while in the non-irrigated summer plants it varies only little for an identical change in Ψ p plant . This behaviour of non-irrigated wild plants apparently is due to the change of the elastic properties of the tissues in the assimilating branches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345559
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of air humidity and temperature in controlling stomatal resistance of Prunus armeniaca L. under desert conditions (1975)
    Springer
    Oecologia 19 (1975), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Measurements of CO2 and water vapor exchange were performed on Prunus armeniaca L. with humidity- and temperature-controlled chambers under the climatic conditions of a desert habitat. In apricot, the stomatal response to changes in temperature and water-vapor concentration difference between leaf and air (WD) significantly determined the rates of gas exchange during the day (parts I and II). The effect of climate-controlled stomatal response on the transpiration/net photosynthesis (T/P)-ratio was analyzed and simulated using experiments conducted at constant temperature and/or humidity conditions for input parameters. The measured values of the T/P-ratio at naturally varying conditions of humidity and temperature were compared with calculated results of a model in which it was assumed, (1) that stomata and photosynthetic activity are not affected by air humidity and temperature, (2) that the stomata only respond with a constant photosynthetic activity to changes in WD, and (3) that the stomata respond to both, leaf temperature and air humidity with a constant photosynthetic activity. These simulations facilitated an analysis of the naturally observed changes in the T/P-ratio. The calculated T/P-ratios were very small if the simulation assumed that stomata only respond to WD at a constant photosynthetic activity. These low predicted values of the T/P-ratio were not obtained under natural conditions, since an increase in WD during the day was correlated with a temperature rise which tended to open stomata and change the photosynthetic activity. Humidity induced stomatal closure did appear to substantially reduce T/P-ratios. The measured T/P-ratio changed considerably during the year. The lowest T/P-ratios were obtained in the middle of the dry season at a time when stomata responded strongly to air humidity and when optimum of photosynthesis was reached at high temperatures. The daily average T/P-ratio calculated from the daily sum of P and T showed little change during the seasons. A high T/P-ratio was also observed at reduced rates of gas exchange. The T/P-ratios of apricot were compared with different species in different environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of air humidity and leaf temperature in controlling stomatal resistance of Prunus armeniaca L. under desert conditions (1975)
    Springer
    Oecologia 18 (1975), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gas exchange of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) growing in the runoff farm at Avdat (Negev, Israel) was measured during its growing period using temperature- and humidity-controlled chambers. Water potentials of the xylem were measured with a pressure bomb, and the mesophyll internal CO2 concentration was calculated from simultaneous measurements of net photosynthesis and transpiration. The daily changes in water potential Ψ had only little effect on the daily course of stomatal resistance. The early morning peak of CO2 uptake was reached when Ψ had already dropped to very low values. On dry days, Ψ and the relative water content of the leaf were improved at noon during the time of stomatal closure. On humid days, Ψ dropped to very low values (43.5 bar) at a high transpiration rate without causing stomatal closure, as much as on the dry days when stomata where more closed at less water stress. The observed changing sensitivity of the stomata to changes in air humidity during the season is related to the water status in the plant. This change is possibly caused by a long-term effect of stress in this habitat. The daily changes in stomatal diffusion resistance did not consistently correlate with changes of the CO2 concentration in the intercellular air spaces. In the morning a decreasing internal CO2 concentration was even inversely correlated to the stomatal response. In the afternoon the effect of an increasing internal CO2 concentration and the effect of external climate on stomatal response could be additive. However, at the time, when CO2 uptake reached a second peak in the afternoon the same value of diffusion resistance is reached at very different levels of internal CO2 concentration as compared to the morning. For the regulation of the diffusion resistance in apricot under the natural conditions, the effects of plant internal control mechanisms are overruled and/or modified by the external climatic factors of air humidity and temperature. The significance of the climate-controlled stomatal response for the existence and cultivation of this plant species in an arid habitat is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345424
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical model of net photosynthesis for the desert plant Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 22 (1976), S. 355-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An empirical model for describing daily courses of net photosynthesis in Hammada scoparia is being developed. The model is based on the functional relationships, by which various environmental factors affect the photosynthetic activity and which can be measured by experiment in the field. In a sequence of steady-states daily courses of net photosynthesis are predicted during a growing season considering the variability of the physiological states and the capacity for regulative adaptations. The rate of net photosynthesis at a certain date is calculated from the maximal rate of CO2 uptake being expected at that season and from the effects of light, temperature, and air humidity which are scaled from 0 to 1. All factors are connected multiplicatively. The light function accounts for the seasonal changes in the light curve, the temperature function is based on the seasonal shift of the temperature optimum, and the humidity function considers the increasing sensitivity of the stomatal humidity response at increasing water stress. The model is built to be a submodel of a general ecosystem model, where various other submodels (i.e. water stress model, phenology model) are supplied. The present model is tested by predicting daily courses at extreme climatic conditions during the year and by comparing the predicted values of gas exchange with values being measured in an independent experimental procedure. The result shows that the model is able to simulate the natural behaviour of Hammada scoparia during the growing and dry season of a desert habitat. The problems of incorporating the influence of water stress, the interaction of the various factors, and the phenological aspect of the photosynthetic activity is being discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345313
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributional pattern of water relations and net photosynthesis of Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin in a desert environment (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 23 (1976), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the Central Negev, the arido-active Hammada scoparia (Chenopodiaceae) is mainly distributed in runnels and loessial plains of the wadis and exists with fewer and smaller individuals on slopes and tops of the neighboring hills. At the end of the dry season, water relations and chloride content of plants from these habitats and of artificially irrigated plants were determined and compared with plant shape and photosynthetic activity. The osmotic potentials and total water potentials of the plants differ characteristically with certain groups of stands. The simultaneously determined range of noon water potentials of the plants within a transect is as high as the annual amplitude of one plant individuum in the wadi (about 45 bars). Plants in the runnel of the wadi show, like the irrigated plants, the highest values of water potentials and their components but markedly lower chloride content than the irrigated ones. Total water and osmotic potentials of plants of the loessial wadi plains are extremely low. Their chloride content is not very high in contrast to that of plants of the hillslope and hilltop. Hill plants, although poorly developed and scarcely branched, have higher water and osmotic potentials than those of the plains. Net photosynthesis of a plant on a natural stand of the wadi plain is, in September, markedly depressed at noon but maximal at noon in an artificially irrigated plant. In contrast to irrigated and nonirrigated wadi plants, a plant of the hillslope shows, already in July, a midday depression of photosynthesis. Whether the relatively low water potentials of the big plants of the loessial plains are the results of a rapid biomass production in the rainy season which might have caused a very strong exhaustion of the soil water reserves for the late summer is discussed. Hill plants do not grow so well and obviously decrease their water exchange even in summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345961
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