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  • American Geophysical Union  (14)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (7)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (4)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 2000-2004  (18)
  • 1980-1984  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition and nanocrystallization in reactively sputtered amorphous Ta–Si–N thin films (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 1986-1991 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nanocrystallization process of reactively sputtered thin amorphous Ta–Si–N films is investigated by anomalous small angle x-ray scattering (ASAXS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Changes in the microstructure in Ta40Si14N46 films, density variations in the amorphous matrix, decomposition, formation, and growth of nanocrystals after vacuum anneals at different temperatures in the range between 800 and 1000 °C are observed and the results of the different techniques are compared. From a Fourier analysis of ASAXS intensities the nanostructure of the investigated ternary system is derived using a model of hard spheres according to Guinier and Fournet. ASAXS investigations indicate that the noncrystalline samples can be described by a monophase fit and the crystallized samples by a bimodal-phase fit, the latter results being consistent with XRD which identifies TaN and Ta5Si3 phases. Detailed analysis shows that TaN nanograins of approximately 2 nm size develop after a decomposition process. Larger grains of Ta5Si3 are observed in addition to the TaN grains if annealing is performed at temperatures higher than 950 °C. The aim of these investigations is to give a generally applicable explanation of the barrier failure mechanism for Ta–Si–N diffusion barriers, which is actually observed at temperatures below the crystallization temperature if the films are used in contact with Cu or Al. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1388173
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superspace formulation of general massive gauge theories and geometric interpretation of mass-dependent Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin symmetries (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 41 (2000), S. 7304-7332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: A superspace formulation is proposed for the osp(1,2)-covariant Lagrangian quantization of general massive gauge theories. The superalgebra osp(1,2) is considered as subalgebra of the superalgebra sl(1,2)∼osp(2,2) which may be considered as the algebra of generators of the conformal group in a superspace with two anticommuting coordinates. The mass-dependent (anti)Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin symmetries of proper solutions of the quantum master equations in the osp(1,2)-covariant formalism are realized in that superspace as invariance under translations combined with mass-dependent special conformal transformations. The Sp(2) symmetry—in particular the ghost number conservation—and the new ghost number conservation are realized in the superspace as invariance under symplectic rotations and dilatations, respectively. The new ghost number conservation is generally broken by the choice of a gauge. The transformations of the gauge fields and the full set of necessarily required (anti)ghost and auxiliary fields under the superalgebra sl(1,2) are determined both for irreducible and first-stage reducible theories with closed gauge algebra. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288496
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrode modification by electron-induced patterning of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 3323-3325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Self-assembled monolayers of ω-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-dodecyl thiol [CH3–C6H4-C6H4–(CH2)12–SH,BP12] on gold were patterned via exposure to 300 eV electrons. Subsequent copper deposition in an electrochemical cell revealed behavior opposite to that of electron beam patterned monolayers of alkanethiols. Whereas alkanethiols act as a positive resist and lead to copper deposition only on irradiated parts, the biphenyl based thiol acts as a negative resist. At the irradiated areas the layer exhibits blocking behavior and copper deposition is observed only on the nonirradiated parts. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415771
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanocrystallization of amorphous-Ta40Si14N46 diffusion barrier thin films (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3618-3620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nanocrystallization process in thin amorphous-Ta40Si14N46 films, annealed in the range between 800 and 1000 °C for 1 h, is investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field and energy-dispersive x-ray analyses. At 800 °C clusters of about 2 nm in size indicate that compositional inhomogeneities have developed while the film has still remained structurally amorphous. The sample annealed at 900 °C contains a high density of nanograins of TaN measuring about 2 nm as well as amorphous structures measuring 75–100 nm having a high tantalum content. After annealing at 1000 °C, an almost entirely crystalline structure is observed with 4-nm-sized particles of cubic TaN and 15-nm-sized grains of Ta5Si3. Possible mechanisms driving these structural changes are discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1377626
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyol Peptidomimetics (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1113-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Peptidomimetics ; Reverse turn mimetics ; Glycomimetics ; Heterocycles ; Lactams ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone and L-cysteine combine in a highly stereoselective manner to give the 7,5-bicyclic thiazolidinlactam 2. The α-hydroxy group of the D-glucurono-3,6-lactone was exchanged for an amino function (to give 13) and, after condensation with L-cysteine methyl ester, the polyol dipeptide 7 was obtained. Peptide couplings proceed without the need to protect the three secondary hydroxy groups of the seven-membered ring. The amino group of 7 was deprotected and selectively elongated to the pseudo-tripeptide 16. The depsipeptide 17 was obtained by condensation of Boc-Ala-OH with the polyol 2. Elongation at the carboxy terminus yielded 19 and 20. The bicyclic scaffold populates a well-defined solution conformation; the hydroxy groups mimic the side chains of hydrophilic amino acids and can be further functionalized.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water mobility in a water-soaked nafion® membrane: A high-resolution neutron quasielastic study (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 20 (1982), S. 481-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Water mobility in an acid Nafion® membrane containing ca. 15% water by weight has been studied by high-resolution neutron quasielastic scattering (NQES). The data are analyzed in terms of simple models. On a scale of ca. 10 Å, the water molecules move practically as freely as in bulk water, but their long-range motion is much more hindered. These results are important for an understanding of the relation between the microstructure and the macroscopic properties of these membranes. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed NQES study of the water-polymer interaction problem.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.180200310
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoelektronenspektroskopie an NiobiodidenProfessor Walter Rüdorff zum 75. Geburtstage am 3. Oktober 1984 gewidmet (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 516 (1984), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Niobium IodidesThe photoelectron spectra (AlKα, HeI) of NbI5, NbI4, Nb3I8, Nb6I11, HNb6I11, Nb6I8(CH3NH2)6, Nb6I8(C3H7NH2)6, and Nb are measured and discussed. It is shown that the binding energy of the niobium core levels depends linearly on the oxidation number n (n = I/Nb). The relation BE = 201.8 + 1.07 · n holds for the Nb 3d5/2 level. Using this relation the hydridic character of the hydrogen in HNb6I11 becomes plausible and the increased electron concentration of the Nb6I8 cluster in the compounds Nb6I8(CH3NH2)6 and Nb6I8(C3H7NH2)6 is verified. Energy gaps Eg = 0.40 (0.45) eV are found for Nb6I11(HNb6I11) and for the amines the top of the valence band is 0.70 (CH3NH2) and 0.68 eV (C3H7NH2), resp. below the Fermi level.
    Notes: Es werden die Photoelektronenspektren (AlKα, HeI) von NbI5, NbI4, Nb3I8, Nb6I11, HNb6I11, Nb6I8(CH3NH2)6, Nb6I8(C3H7NH2)6 und Nb gemessen und diskutiert. Es läßt sich zeigen, daß die Bindungsenergie BE der Niob-Rumpfniveaus linear von der Oxydationszahl n (n = I/Nb) abhängt; für das Nb 3d5/2-Niveau ergibt sich die Beziehung BE = 201,8 + 1,07 · n. Durch Anwendung dieser Beziehung wird der hydridartige Charakter des Wasserstoffs in HNb6I11 wahrscheinlich gemacht sowie die Zunahme der Elektronenkonzentration im Nb6I8-Cluster der Verbindungen Nb6I8(CH3NH2)6 und Nb6I8(C3H7NH2)6 belegt. Für Nb6I11(HNb6I11) ergibt sich eine verbotene Zone Eg = 0,40 (0,45) eV, für die Amine ist der Abstand der Oberkante des Valenzbandes zur Fermi-Kante 0,70 (CH3NH2) bzw. 0,68 eV (C3H7NH2).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19845160909
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation, Properties, and ESCA Characterization of Vanadium Surface Compounds on Silicagel. I (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 483 (1981), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung, Eigenschaften und ESCA-Charakterisierung von Vanadium-Oberflächenverbindungen an Silicagel. IV 2p3/2-Bindungsenergiewerte (BE) von 18 Vanadium-Verbindungen in Sauerstoff- und Chlorumgebung wurden ermittelt. Bindungsenergien in Abhängigkeit von der Oxidationszahl wurden hinsichtlich eines linearen Zusammenhangs kritisch überprüft, um so geeignete Modellverbindungen für Vergleichstandards auswählen zu können.Im allgemeinen beobachtet man bei einer Zunahme der formalen Oxydationszahl auch eine Erhöhung der Bindungsenergiewerte; im Einzelfall kann dies aber durch elektronenschiebende/ziehende Liganden überdeckt werden.Die mit Hilfe eines Computerprogramms durchgeführte Subtraktion des überlagernden O 1s Satellitenpeaks verbesserte die Genauigkeit der Vanadium 2p3/2-Bindungsenergiewerte erheblich in Oberflächenverbindungen.Die gefundenen Bindungsenergiewerte für (≡Si—O)3V=O(I), (≡Si—O)3V(II) und (≡Si—O)3V—(O2) (III) zeigen im Vergleich zu den trägerfreien Standardverbindungen eine BE-Erhöhung um 2,1 eV und damit die ausgeprägte elektronenziehende Wirkung des Trägermaterials auf das Vanadium in Oberflächenverbindungen. Über ESCA-Daten eines Oberflächen-Peroxokomplexes (III) wird zum ersten Male berichtet; einige Folgerungen der Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Binding energies (BE) of 18 pure vanadium compounds (V 2p3/2 niveau) were measured in selected oxygen and chlorine environments, linearity of BE vs. oxidation states scrutinized and appropriate model compounds chosen as comparative standards.The general trend is an increase of BE with formal oxidation state; in particular, it could be counterbalanced by electron donating/withdrawing ligands on the V atom.A graphical (computerized) background substraction method was utilized to remove an interfering O 1s satellite peak and to enhance accuracy of BE values in surface compounds.BEs of (≡Si—O)3V=O (I), (≡Si—O)3V (II), and (≡Si—O)3V—(O2) (III) were determined. By comparison to standards positive BE shifts of about 2.1 eV were derived indicating the strong electron withdrawing (“electron sink”) effect of the support on V in surface compounds. This is the first reported ESCA data on a surface peroxo complex, (III). Some implications of the results are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19814831223
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation, Properties, and ESCA Characterization of Vanadium Surface Compounds on Silicagel. II (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 483 (1981), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung, Eigenschaften und ESCA-Charakterisierung von Vanadium-Oberflächenverbindungen an Silicagel. IIBindungsenergiewerte (BE) und Intensitätsverhältnisse in Vn/SiO2 (n = 3, 4 und 5) in Abhängigkeit von der Vanadium-Konzentration und Liganden L wurden untersucht. Die Ermittlung optimierter Produkte und ESCA-Proben wird beschrieben. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse werden die Bedingungen demonstriert, unter denen ESCA zuverlässige Informationen über feinverteilte Oberflächen-Verbindungen liefern kann.Der geeignete Konzentrationsbereich für wäßrige Dotierungen liegt zwischen 0,4 bis 1,2% VIII und 1,0 bis 1,2% für VV; in nichtwäßrigen (metallorganischen) Präparaten ergeben sogar 0,15 bis 0,4% VIII und 0,4% VV brauchbare Spektren. Die ESCA-Daten des Peroxo-Komplexes (≡Si—O)3V—(O2) (I) Bestätigen diese Trends.Außerordentlich feinverteilte Oberflächen-Verbindungen erhält man aus Dotierungen mit V[N(SiMe3)2]3. Hier ist eine Konzentration von 0,4 bis 0,5% VIII (oder VV) optimal und die obere Grenze.Beweise für die Formulierung von VnSiO2 als dreibeinige Oberflächen-Verbindungen sind zusammengefaßt; die Bedeutung des Additivitätsprinzips für die Erklärung und Voraussage elektronischer Verhältnisse bei Oberflächen-Verbindungen wird erläutert.Innerhalb der Serie (≡SiO)3V—L (mit L = ohne Liganden, =0, und —Oz) wurden die chemischen Verschiebungen für ≡Si—O—V (0,7 eV); V=O (0,6 eV) und V—(O2) (0,4 eV) ermittelt. Die BE-Beiträge einiger Donorliganden (und —Cl) werden abgeschätzt. In (I)deuten die ESCA-Daten eine formale Oxydationszahl nahe +4 an.Grenzen der ESCA-Methode werden erwähnt und Erweiterungen des Additivitätsprinzips diskutiert.
    Notes: Binding energy (BE) behavior and signal intensity as function of V conc. and ligands L were critically examined in Vn/SiO2 species (where n = +5, +4, and +3) and securing of optimized products and ESCA samples is described. The results moreover demonstrate conditions and approaches whereby ESCA can provide reliable information on highly diluted surface compound systems.From aquous media 1.0-1.2 wt. % VV and 0.4-1.2 wt. % VIII proved to be preferred ranges whereas in non aqueous (metalorganic) preparates the surprisingly low concentration of 0.4-0.15 wt. % VIII gave usable spectra and even 0.4 wt. % VV could be measured. ESCA data with the peroxo complex (≡Si—O)3V—(O2) (I) confirmed these trends.Superiorly subdivided surface compounds (reflected in the quality of spectra) are obtainable from V[N(SiMe3)2]3 impregnations where 0.4-0.5 wt. % VIII (or VV) are maximum/optimum conc. limits.Evidence for formulating Vn/SiO2 as three legged surface compounds is summarized and diagnostic/predictive uses of the additivity principle for surface electron states illustrated.In the (≡Si—O)3V—L series, where L = none, =O, and —(O2) positive ΔBE shifts for ≡Si—O—V (0.7 eV); V=O (0.6 eV); and V—(O2) (0.4 eV) were estimated. Tentative BE contributions of some donor ligands (and —Cl) are also suggested. In (I) ESCA indicated a formal oxidation state of approx. +4.Certain limits (precautions) with ESCA are noted and extensions of the additivity relationship discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19814831224
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beiträge zur Chemie der Alkylverbindungen von Übergangsmetallen. XXX. Synthese und Charakterisierung von Nitrobenzylnickel-Verbindungen (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 462 (1980), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Transition Metal Alkyl Compounds. XXX. Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrobenzyl Nickel Compounds(C2H5)2Ni · dipy reacts with benzyl chlorides forming complexes of the type RNiCl · dipy. In this way nitro groups containing thermally stable organonickel compounds can be obtained, which cannot be achieved by means of organolithiiim or Grignard reagents. - In a similar way (C2H5)Ni · dipy reacts with to form · dipy.The composition of the compounds achieved was proved by analysis, by characteristic reactions, magnetic moments, and in part by their IR and M spectra.
    Notes: (C2H5)2Ni · dipy reagiert mit Benzylchloriden zu Benzylnickelchlorid-Komplexen des Typs RNiCl · dipy. Auf diesem Wege sind auch Nitrogruppen enthaltende thermisch stabile Organonickelverbindungen zugängig, die mittels Organolithium-oder Grignardverbindungen nicht erhalten werden können. - Auf analoge Weise reagiert (C2H5)2Ni · dipy mit zu · dipy.Die Zusammensetzung der erhaltenen Verbindungen wurde analytisch, durch die magnetischen Momente sowie IR-Daten und M-Spektren und durch charakteristische Reaktionen gesichert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19804620120
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