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  • Articles  (83)
  • 2000-2004  (52)
  • 1980-1984  (18)
  • 1970-1974  (11)
  • 1940-1944  (2)
  • 1930-1934
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (83)
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  • Articles  (83)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nanometer-sized zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) particles were synthesized from heterometal alkoxides, [ZnAl2(OR)8], possessing an ideal cation stoichiometry for the ZnAl2O4 spinel. ZnAl2O4 is formed at 400°C, which is the lowest temperature reported for the formation of monophasic ZnAl2O4. 27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that ZnAl2O4 possesses an inverse structure at 〈900°C, while the normal spinel phase is observed at higher temperatures. The homogeneity of the in-depth composition and Zn:Al stoichiometry (1:2) was confirmed by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Evaluation of the valence-band spectra of ZnAl2O4 and ZnS suggested that the hybridization of O 2p and Zn 3d orbitals is responsible for lowering the bandgap in the latter. The average crystallite size showed an exponential relationship to the calcination temperature (X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy data). The optical spectra of different spinel powders (average particle sizes, 20–250 nm) showed that the absorption edge exhibits a blue shift as particle size decreases.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 25 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1355-2546
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, we present a concept for multi-material solid freeform fabrication of heterogeneous components. This concept features hopper-nozzles designed for depositing thin layers of multiple patterned materials followed by selective laser sintering for consolidation to desired densities. Although prior work on the design of small-scale nozzles for powder delivery is lacking, our design is guided by background theory for particle flow through industrial hoppers. Experimental guidelines for the delivery of powders in the 10 to 125?µm range from 0.5 to 2?mm hopper-nozzle orifices are presented.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Small vesicles ; Phase behaviour ; Small-angle neutron scattering ; Charged surfactants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The phase behaviour and properties of the tetradecyldimethylamine oxide/HCl/hexanol/water quaternary surfactant system have been studied by means of electric conductivity, rheology, freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this system the originally zwitterionic surfactant can become increasingly charged by protonation through the addition of HCl, i.e. the degree of charging can be changed continuously. An interesting, isotropic phase (L1 * phase) of low viscosity was observed for intermediate degrees of charging. From viscosity and conductivity measurements this phase can clearly be distinguished from the conventional L1 phase that is composed of micelles. Investigation of the structures present by means of FF-TEM and SANS showed that the L1 * phase is made up of unilamellar vesicles of extremely small diameter of 8–10 nm. Evidently such highly curved structures are stabilized by the electrostatic conditions in this system.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 424-431 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Critical micelle concentrationsc M have been determined in aqueous mixed solutions of two surface active agents from surface-tension-concentration curves. Mixed systems of two homologous nonionic or anionic agents as well as of one nonionic and one ionic agent were involved. The results have been compared with an earlier derived equation forc M as a function of the mixing ratio. The validity of this equation presupposes that the mixed micelles behave thermodynamically like ideal mixtures. It was found that thec M values measured in mixed systems of two homologous surface active agents agree with the equation within the limits of experimental error. However, with mixtures of one nonionic and one ionic agent thec M values of the mixed solutions are considerably smaller than those calculated by the equation. If both components have nearly equalc M values a strong diminution ofc M below this value is observed. The results are discussed in terms of the mixing behaviour of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic groups of the components. The surface activity of the mixed system shows a trend very similar to that of the tendency of micelle formation. This result is discussed on the basis of considerations on the adsorption from mixed solutions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kritische Mizellbildungskonzentrationenc M wurden in wäßrigen Mischlösungen je zweier Tenside aus Oberflächenspannungs-Konzentrationskurven ermittelt. Dabei handelte es sich um Mischungsreihen aus je zwei homologen nichtionogenen oder anionischen Tensiden sowie zwischen je einem nichtionogenen und einem ionogenen Tensid. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einer früher abgeleiteten Gleichung fürc M in Abhängigkeit vom Mischungsverhältnis verglichen. Die Gültigkeit dieser Gleichung setzt voraus, daß die Mischmizellen sich thermodynamisch wie ideale Mischungen verhalten. Es wurde gefunden, daß in Mischungsreihen zweier homologer Tenside die gemessenenc M -Werte innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen mit der Gleichung übereinstimmen. Bei Mischungen aus je einem nichtionogenen und einem ionogenen Tensid liegen diec M -Werte der Mischlösungen jedoch erheblich niedriger als es von der Gleichung gefordert wird. Wenn die beiden Endglieder annähernd gleichec M -Werte haben, wird in den Mischlösungen eine beträchtliche Herabsetzung vonc M unter diesen Wert beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf das Mischungsverhalten der hydrophoben und der hydrophilen Gruppen der Mischunspartner diskutiert. Die Oberflächenaktivität in den Mischungsreihen zeigt im wesentlichen den gleichen Gang wie die Mizellbildungstendenz. Dieses Ergebnis wird anhand von Überlegungen über die Adsorption aus Mischlösungen diskutiert.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 447-448 (Feb. 2004), p. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 447-448 (Feb. 2004), p. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 321-324 (Jan. 2000), p. 604-609 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 338-342 (May 2000), p. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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