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  • Cotesia congregata  (3)
  • Lymantriidae  (2)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata on the growth and food consumption and utilization of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; parasitoids ; Cotesia congregata ; allelochemicals ; nicotine ; nutritional indices ; tri-trophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que les influences des substances allélochimiques des plantes et du parasitisme aient été étudiées séparément, leurs effets combinés sur l'utilisation des aliments après ingestion par un herbivore n'avaient pas été examinés. Il est probable que les substances allélochimiques peuvent agir sur l'adéquation des herbivores pour leurs parasitoïdes, ou que la présence de parasitoïdes peut influer sur l'action des substances allélochimiques sur les indices nutritionnels des herbivores. Manduca sexta L. et son parasitoïde, Cotesia congregata Say fournissent un bon modèle pour étudier les interactions entre parasitisme et substances allélochimiques sur la croissance, la consommation et l'utilisation de la nourriture ingérée chez les larves de M. sexta. Les taux de croissance, la consommation et l'efficacité de la conversion des chenilles de 33 et 43 stades ne sont pas influencés significativement par les intéractions entre nicotine alimentaire et parasitisme. Cependant, le parasitisme réduit le taux de croissance des chenilles du 5e stade, ce qui se traduit par une réduction de leur consommation. La digestibilité des aliments ingérés a été augmentée chez les chenilles parasitées, mais non lorsque l'aliment consommé contenait de la nicotine. L'examen des valeurs de ECD et de ECI montre que l'ingestion de nicotine alimentaire réduit l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments digérés et ingérés par des chenilles non-parasitées, mais ces indices étaient supérieurs à ceux des chenilles parasitées. Ces résultats suggèrent que lorsque les chenilles sont parasitées après la mue du 33 stade, C. congregata n'influence pas l'alimentation de son hôte jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne le dernier stade. La nicotine, dans les tissus de l'hôte, dépasse les effets du parasitisme. Il est probable qu'aucun des changements observés ne provient d'un effet direct sur les processus d'assimilation et de conversion mais plutôt de l'exposition des parasitoïdes à la nicotine dans l'hémolymphe de la chenille.
    Notes: Abstract The interactive effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata (Say) (Braconidae) on post-ingestive utilization of food by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) were studied in the laboratory. The rates of growth and consumption and the food utilization indices of third and fourth instar hornworms were not significantly influenced by the interactive effect of dietary nicotine and parasitism. However, parasitism reduced the growth rate of fifth instar hornworms, resulting from a reduction in their consumption rate. Efficiency of digestion of ingested food was enhanced in parasitized larvae, but not when they ingested diets containing nicotine. Ingestion of dietary nicotine reduced the efficiency of conversion of digested and ingested food of unparasitized hornworms as reflected in ECD and ECI values, but these indices were larger than in parasitized hosts. Results suggest that when hornworm larvae are parasitized after ecdysis to the third instar, C. congregata does not influence feeding by its larval host until the host reaches its terminal instar. Nicotine, within host tissues, ‘over-rides’ any effect caused by parasitism. It is probable that any change observed may not result from a direct effect on the assimilation and conversion processes of the hornworm larva but due to parasitoids' exposure to nicotine in the hornworm's hemolymph.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349589
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses to host foodplants of two populations of the insect parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say) (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Local adaptation ; Population differences ; Parasitoid behavior ; Cotesia congregata ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that natural enemy populations differ in their behavioral responses to plants or to plant allelochemicals, we compared two populations of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that differed in their historical and present exposure to tobacco. The major hosts for both populations were Manduca sexta L. and M. quinquemaculata (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), but these hosts were typically encountered on tobacco by parasitoids in one population (Upper Marlboro) and on tomato by parasitoids in another population (Wye). Early in the season, Wye parasitoids preferred to oviposit in M. sexta on tomato rather than on tobacco and Upper Marlboro parasitoids showed no preference; neither population showed any preference later in the season. Neither of the strains originating from the two populations showed a landing preference for tobacco or tomato in flight chamber trials, but Upper Marlboro parasitoids searched longer on tobacco than on tomato, and Wye parasitoids searched longer on tomato. When nicotine solutions were applied to tobacco leaf, searching responses of Upper Marlboro parasitoids were enhanced by 0.001–1.0% nicotine, and searching responses of Wye parasitoids were decreased by 0.01–1.0% nicotine. We speculate that population differences in searching responses to tobacco and nicotine may explain the differential parasitism responses found early in the season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1731-1738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ilex opaca ; Aquifoliaceae ; Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; saponins ; siaresinolic acid ; qualitative plant defenses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter association, however, is not statistically significant. Species in the genusIlex have been reported to contain both alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids and saponins inI. opaca and their changes in concentration over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated, and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May and lowest in early June leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1719-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; Acer rubrum ; Cornus florida ; gypsy moth ; alkaloids ; N-methyl-crotsparine ; 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy)propane ; bisphenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of three tree species,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,Acer rubrum L., andCornus florida L., was examined to confirm the presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites. The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar derivative, liriodendritol, were components ofL. tulipifera leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (−)-N-methylcrotsparine content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves ofA. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramme, but none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected inCornus florida.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dietary nicotine and colony source ofManduca sexta [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] on its suitability as a host ofCotesia congregata [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; nicotine ; Cotesia congregata ; strains ; Manduca sexta ; nicotine ; Cotesia congregata ; souches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une expérimentation a été entreprise afin de déterminer si les différences enregistrées entre deux colonies distinctes deM. sexta, affectées également par le régime nicotiné, influencent le développement, la survie et la taille de son parasitoïdeCotesia congregata. Les sphynx du tabac d'une colonie du Maryland et de la Caroline du Nord ont été élevés sur un milieu à 0,1 % de nicotine et exposés au parasitisme parC. congregata. Les individus de la colonie du Maryland furent en général de meilleurs hôtes que ceux de la colonie de Caroline du Nord. Bien que la nicotine ait des effects négatifs sur les deux colonies, ceux-ci furent plus sévères chez les individus parasitant les sphynx de Caroline du Nord.
    Notes: Abstract Larval tobacco hornworms,Manduca sexta (L.), of 2 different colonies were exposed to parasitism by the gregarious endoparasitoid,Cotesia congregata (Say). A comparison was made of parasitoid larval, pre-pupal, and pupal mortality, female and male dry weight and larval development time. In general, “Maryland” hornworms were more suitable hosts than “North Carolina” hornworms. Although the presence of dietary nicotine increased parasitoid mortality in individuals reared from hornworms of both colonies, the effect was more severe among individuals parasitizing the North Carolina hornworms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374797
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