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  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (17)
  • 1955-1959  (9)
  • 1945-1949  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Shapley value for cooperative games under precedence constraints (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 21 (1992), S. 249-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Keywords: Cooperative Game ; Shapley Value ; Precedence Constraint ; Marginal Contribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Cooperative games are considered where only those coalitions of players are feasible that respect a given precedence structure on the set of players. Strengthening the classical symmetry axiom, we obtain three axioms that give rise to a unique Shapley value in this model. The Shapley value is seen to reflect the expected marginal contribution of a player to a feasible random coalition, which allows us to evaluate the Shapley value nondeterministically. We show that every exact algorithm for the Shapley value requires an exponential number of operations already in the classical case and that even restriction to simple games is #P-hard in general. Furthermore, we outline how the multi-choice cooperative games of Hsiao and Raghavan can be treated in our context, which leads to a Shapley value that does not depend on pre-assigned weights. Finally, the relationship between the Shapley value and the permission value of Gilles, Owen and van den Brink is discussed. Both refer to formally similar models of cooperative games but reflect complementary interpretations of the precedence constraints and thus give rise to fundamentally different solution concepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperaturabhängige Infrarot-Absorptionsbanden des kristallisierten isotaktischen Polystyrols (1959)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 46 (1959), S. 444-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684321
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization and optimality test for the Max-Cut Problem (1990)
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 34 (1990), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Max-cut ; decision problem ; optimization problem ; polynomial transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir zeigen, daß folgende Probleme polynomial äquivalent sind: 1) Gegeben ein (gewichteter) GraphG, ein cutC vonG. Entscheide obC optimal ist oder nicht. 2) Gegeben ein (gewichteter) GraphG, ein cutC vonG. Entscheide, obC optimal ist oder nicht, und falls nicht, finde einen besseren cutC′. Eine Konsequenz hiervon ist, wie wir sehen werden, daß ein Optimalitätstest Orakel einen polynomialen Algorithmus zur approximativen Lösung von Max Cut Problemen liefert. Insbesondere folgt, daß das Erkennen von maximalen cuts in ungewichteten Graphen NP-schwer ist.
    Notes: Abstract We show that the following two problems are polynomially equivalent: 1) Given a (weighted) graphG, and a cutC ofG, decide whetherC is maximal or not. 2) Given a (weighted) graphG, and a cutC ofG, decide whetherC is maximal or not, and in case it is not, find a better solutionC′. As a consequence, an optimality testing oracle may be used to design a polynomial time algorithm for approximately solving the (weighted) Max-Cut Problem. This in turn implies that recognizing optimal cuts in an unweighted graph is NP-hard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415982
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some order dimension bounds for communication complexity problems (1991)
    Springer
    Acta informatica 28 (1991), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0525
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Summary We associate with a general (0, 1)-matrixM an ordered setP(M) and derive lower and upper bounds for the deterministic communication complexity ofM in terms of the order dimension ofP(M). We furthermore consider the special class of communication matricesM obtained as cliques vs. stable sets incidence matrices of comparability graphsG. We bound their complexity byO((logd)·(logn)), wheren is the number of nodes ofG andd is the order dimension of an orientation ofG. In this special case, our bound is shown to improve other well-known bounds obtained for the general cliques vs. stable set problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01463947
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Beschleunigung der Polymerisation ungesättigter Verbindungen mit Hilfe von Redoxsystemen (1949)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 61 (1949), S. 471-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Polymerisation ungesättigter Verbindungen kann u. a. durch Peroxyde ausgelöst werden. Zusatz von Reduktionsmitteln wirkt beschleunigend, wie vor etwa 10 Jahren zuerst in Deutschland gefunden wurde. Dieses Redox-Polymerisationsverfahren ist von großer wissenschaftlicher und technischer Bedeutung.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19490611203
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitative Organic Analysis and Scientific Method von A. McGookin. Verlag Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 1955. 1. Aufl., VII, 155 S., geb. 15 s (1956)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 68 (1956), S. 719-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19560682226
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die konstitutionelle Exaktheit in der makromolekularen Chemie (1959)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 71 (1959), S. 585-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die makromolekulare Chemie hat die konstitutionelle Exaktheit und den hohen Stand der niedermolekularen organischen Chemie noch nicht erreicht, doch geht die Entwicklung in diese Richtung. Makromoleküle einheitlicher Größe (Molgewicht ∼ 4000) und definierter, insbesondere gestreckter Gestalt (8 in p-Stellung verknüpfte Benzolringe, entsprechend 32 Atomen in einer Kette) wurden hergestellt und höhermolekulare werden angestrebt; Fragen der Konstellation können an solchen Molekülen untersucht werden. Die Synthese neuer makromolekularer Stoffe, insbesondere mit reaktiven Gruppen, ist zur Ausweitung der makromolekularen Chemie notwendig.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19590711902
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Katalyse der Autoxydation ungesättigter Verbindungen (1955)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 67 (1955), S. 573-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die spontane Autoxydation von reinem, isoliert-ungesättigtem Linolsäure-methylester ist ein autokatalytischer Vorgang. Autokatalysator ist das primär entstehende Hydroperoxyd des Linolesters (α-Methylenmechanismus). Dies ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung der Katalyse der Autoxydation mit zahlreichen Peroxyden und mit Azo-diisobutyronitril. Metallverbindungen (Cu2+, Fe3+) beschleunigen die Radikalbildung aus Hydroperoxyden, einschließlich des Linolestehydroperoxyds; andere Peroxyde werden nicht aktiviert. Mit Redoxsystemen und Metall-Redoxsystemen werden starke katalytische Effekte erzielt. Konjugiert-ungesättigte Fettsäureester zeigen ein anderes Verhalten, da bei ihrer Autoxydation polymere Peroxyde entstehen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19550671906
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetische makromolekulare Stoffe mit reaktiven Gruppen (1957)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 69 (1957), S. 153-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Synthese, Eigenschaften und Reaktionen einiger makromolekularer Stoffe mit reaktiven Gruppen berichtet, und zwar über Derivate der Polyacrylsäure (Polyacrylsäure-hydrazid, Polyacrylhydroxamsäure, Polyacrylsäureamid), des Polyvinylalkohols, über Polyacrolein und Polymethacrolein, Polyvinylsulfonsäure und ihre Derivate sowie über Copolymere aus Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid. An den reaktiven Gruppen dieser polymeren Stoffe werden chemische Reaktionen ausgeführt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß unter Bedingungen, die dem makromolekularen Bau des Reaktionspartners angepaßt sind, eine Reihe von Reaktionen, die aus der niedermolekularen Chemie gut bekannt sind, auf solche Polymere übertragen werden können. Dadurch werden neue makromolekulare Stoffe zugänglich, die durch Polymerisation oder Polykondensation nicht zu erhalten sind.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19570690502
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-Pressure chemical vapour deposition of tantalum pentoxide films for ulsi devices using tantalum pentaethoxide as precursor (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010607
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