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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recognition by human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells of melanoma cells upon fusion with Daudi cells (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 45 (1996), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Daudi Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, unlike other tumor cell lines, stimulate human T cells coexpressing the variable (V) region genes TCRG-V9 and V TCRD-V2 to proliferate and secrete lymphokines. Hybrids, derived by the fusion of Daudi cells with the human melanoma cell line MZ2-MEL 2.2, retain the morphology of melanoma cells. Unlike the parental melanoma cell line, these Daudi × MZ2-MEL 2.2 hybrids stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by CD4-positive Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cell clones. Whereas the stimulator phenotype of Daudi cells behaves as a dominant trait in Daudi × melanoma hybrids, the expression of B-cell differentiation markers is suppressed. Thus, the γ/δ T-cell ligand expressed by Daudi cells behaves as a dominant tumor antigen in Daudi × melanoma hybrids and is unrelated to the differentiated B-cell phenotype. Dominant expression of the Daudi ligand for human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in these hybrids may provide a basis for defining the stimulatory principle at the molecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050163
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A peptide encoded by the human MAGE3 gene and presented by HLA-1344 induces cytolytic T lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells expressing MAGE3 (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The humanMAGE3 gene is expressed in a significant proportion of tumors of various histological types, but is silent in normal adult tissues other than testis and placenta. Antigens encoded byMAGE3 may therefore be useful targets for specific antitumor immunization. Two antigenic peptides encoded by theMAGE3 gene have been reported previously. One is presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) by HLA-A1, the other by HLA-A2 molecules. Here we show that MAGE3 also codes for a peptide that is presented to CTL by HLA-1344.MAGE3 peptides containing the HLA-1344 peptide binding motif were synthesized. Peptide MEVDPIGHLY, which showed the strongest binding to HLA-1344, was used to stimulate blood T lymphocytes from normal HLA-1344 donors. CTL clones were obtained that recognized not only HLA-B44 cells sensitized with the peptide, but also HLA-B44 tumor cell lines expressingMAGE3. The proportion of metastatic melanomas expressing theMAGE3/HLA-1344 antigen should amount to approximately 17% in the Caucasian population, since 24% of individuals carry theHLA-B44 allele and 76% of these tumors express MAGE3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02199806
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The localization of histone H3.3 in germ line chromatin of Drosophila males as established with a histone H3.3-specific antiserum (1997)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 106 (1997), S. 335-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A rabbit antiserum, specific for the histone H3.3 replacement variant, was raised with the aid of a histone H3.3-specific peptide. Immuno blot experiments demonstrated the specificity of this polyclonal antiserum. In addition, we showed on immuno blots that two monoclonal antibodies isolated from mice with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display strong reactivity with the H3.3 histone, but not with its replication-dependent counterparts. Our observations indicate that histone H3.3 might play a role as autoantigen in SLE. We used the histone H3.3-specific antiserum to characterize the germ line chromatin in cytological preparations of Drosophila testes, because our previous studies had shown that a histone H3.3-encoding gene is strongly expressed in the germ line of Drosophila males. The antiserum reacted with some of the lampbrush loops in spermatocytes and with chromatin of the postmeiotic germ cells of males. Our data indicate that histone H3.3 is not evenly distributed throughout the chromatin of germ cells, but is concentrated in distinct regions. Histone H3.3 disappears from the spermatid nuclei, along with the other core histones, during the late stages of spermatogenesis. In Drosophila polytene chromosomes, however, a rather uniform distribution of the histone H3.3 was observed. The possible role of histone H3.3 is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050255
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A peptide encoded by the human MAGE3 gene and presented by HLA-B44 induces cytolytic T lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells expressing MAGE3 (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human MAGE3 gene is expressed in a significant proportion of tumors of various histological types, but is silent in normal adult tissues other than testis and placenta. Antigens encoded by MAGE3 may therefore be useful targets for specific antitumor immunization. Two antigenic peptides encoded by the MAGE3 gene have been reported previously. One is presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) by HLA-A1, the other by HLA-A2 molecules. Here we show that MAGE3 also codes for a peptide that is presented to CTL by HLA-B44. MAGE3 peptides containing the HLA-B44 peptide binding motif were synthesized. Peptide MEVDPIGHLY, which showed the strongest binding to HLA-B44, was used to stimulate blood T lymphocytes from normal HLA-B44 donors. CTL clones were obtained that recognized not only HLA-B44 cells sensitized with the peptide, but also HLA-B44 tumor cell lines expressing MAGE3. The proportion of metastatic melanomas expressing the MAGE3/HLA-B44 antigen should amount to approximately 17% in the Caucasian population, since 24% of individuals carry the HLA-B44 allele and 76% of these tumors express MAGE3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050078
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial Dynamics Associated with Multiphasic Decomposition of 14C-Labeled Cellulose in Soil (1997)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 33 (1997), S. 134 -143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent emphasis on residue management in sustainable agriculture highlights the importance of elucidating the mechanisms of microbial degradation of cellulose. Cellulose decomposition and its associated microbial dynamics in soil were investigated in incubation experiments. Population dynamics of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi were monitored by direct counts. Populations of oligotrophic bacteria in cellulose-amended soil were determined by plate count using a low C medium containing 4 mg C liter−1 agar, and copiotrophs using a high C medium. Cumulative 14CO2 evolution from 14C-labeled cellulose was best described by a multiphasic curve in a 28-day incubation experiment. The initial phase of decomposition was attributed mainly to the activity of bacterial populations with a low oligotroph-to-copiotroph ratio, and the second phase mainly to fungal populations. An increase in oligotroph-to-copiotroph ratio coincided with the emergence of a rapid 14CO2 evolution stage. Streptomycin reduced 14CO2 evolution during the first phase and prompted earlier emergence of the second phase, compared to the control. Cycloheximide initially promoted 14CO2 evolution but subsequently had a lasting negative effect on 14CO2 evolution. Cycloheximide addition significantly increased bacterial biomass and resulted in substantially stronger oscillation of active bacterial populations, whereas it initially reduced, and then stimulated, active fungal biomass. The observed changes in 14CO2 evolution could not be explained by observed shifts in fungal and bacterial biomass, probably because functional groups of fungi and bacteria could not be distinguished. However, it was suggested that oligotrophic bacteria prompted activation of cellulolytic enzumes in fungi and played an important role in leading to fungal dominance of cellulose decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900015
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wavelike Distributions of Microbial Populations along an Artificial Root Moving through Soil (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 40 (2000), S. 250-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper, we described wavelike distributions of bacterial populations along roots of wheat, and hypothesized that one mechanism underlying these distributions might be growth and death cycles of microorganisms in response to a moving nutrient source, the root tip. Similar wavelike distributions in microbial biomass were obtained using a simulation model for growth and death of bacteria in relation to their substrate (BACWAVE). The model was parameterized with data from one experiment on rhizosphere bacterial populations along wheat roots, and compared against a similar but independent experiment. In experiments described in this paper, similar wavelike distributions in bacterial populations were observed in response to a single artificial exudate moving linearly through a soil that had been air-dry for almost 2 years. The period of the spatial waves was longer when the tip of the artificial exudate moved at a speed of 4.2 cm/day compared to a tip moving at 1.1 cm/day, but after transformation into the temporal domain, the periods of the waves were similar for both moving speeds. The observed distributions were simulated using the BACWAVE model with similar parameter values as derived from the experiment with wheat roots mentioned above. The results presented in this paper confirm our hypothesis that wavelike distributions of bacterial population along plant roots can arise from ``exudates'' released primarily from the root tip, without the need for additional exudation points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002480000030
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ``BACWAVE,'' a Spatial–Temporal Model for Traveling Waves of Bacterial Populations in Response to a Moving Carbon Source in Soil (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 40 (2000), S. 260-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously, we discovered the phenomenon of wavelike spatial distributions of bacterial populations and total organic carbon (TOC) along wheat roots. We hypothesized that the principal mechanism underlying this phenomenon is a cycle of growth, death, autolysis, and regrowth of bacteria in response to a moving substrate source (root tip). The aims of this research were (i) to create a simulation model describing wavelike patterns of microbial populations in the rhizosphere, and (ii) to investigate by simulation the conditions leading to these patterns. After transformation of observed spatial data to presumed temporal data based on root growth rates, a simulation model was constructed with the Runge–Kutta integration method to simulate the dynamics of colony-forming bacterial biomass, with growth and death rates depending on substrate content so that the rate curves crossed over at a substrate concentration within the range of substrate availability in the model. This model was named ``BACWAVE,'' standing for ``bacterial waves.'' Cyclic dynamics of bacteria were generated by the model that were translated into traveling spatial waves along a moving nutrient source. Parameter values were estimated from calculated initial substrate concentrations and observed microbial distributions along wheat roots by an iterative optimization method. The kinetic parameter estimates fell in the range of values reported in the literature. Calculated microbial biomass values produced spatial fluctuations similar to those obtained for experimental biomass data derived from colony forming units. Concentrations of readily utilizable substrate calculated from biomass dynamics did not mimic measured concentrations of TOC, which consist not only of substrate but also various polymers and humic acids. In conclusion, a moving pulse of nutrients resulting in cycles of growth and death of microorganisms can indeed explain the observed phenomenon of moving microbial waves along roots. This is the first report of wavelike dynamics of microorganisms in soil along a root resulting from the interaction of a single organism group with its substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002480000029
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial Community Structure in Relation to the Carbon Environments in Lettuce and Tomato Rhizospheres and in Bulk Soil (1997)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 34 (1997), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crop roots provide dynamic nutrient environments within agroecosystems that can influence the relative abundance and activity of oligotrophic and copiotrophic microorganisms. Copiotrophic organisms grow in carbon (C)-rich environments and their distribution implies that C abundance favors their survival. Survival of oligotrophic organisms is dependent on their ability to multiply and maintain activity in habitats of low C flux. To determine if spatial variation in available C along the root coincides with different physiological groups of bacteria, we isolated bacteria from the rhizosphere at different locations along the tap root of lettuce and tomato plants grown under greenhouse and field conditions. In all five experiments, the overall numbers of both oligotrophs and copiotrophs were high at the upper portions of the root and lower at tip locations and in the bulk soil environment. Consistent patterns in the ratio of copiotrophic to oligotrophic (C:O) bacteria along the roots of lettuce and tomato were obtained and clearly showed that the C:O ratio was different for these two crop species. With lettuce, C:O ratios were high at the root tip (1.22 to 1.61) and upper mid-root locations (0.90 to 1.30), intermediate at the lower mid-root locations (0.73 to 0.95), and low at the root base (0.56 to 0.76). With tomato, C:O ratios were low at root tip locations (0.50 to 0.68) and high at mid and base locations along the root (1.20 to 1.28). These differences may reflect qualitative and quantitative differences in root exudates between these crop species. In our experiments, nitrogen (N) concentrations and lateral branch sites, providing C sources, were important factors influencing bacterial populations in the rhizosphere of lettuce and tomato. Competitive interactions between microorganisms and physiological constraints with respect to substrate affinity may be two important mechanisms influencing bacterial populations and structure of rhizosphere communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900040
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moving Waves of Bacterial Populations and Total Organic Carbon along Roots of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 37 (1999), S. 116-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To determine if spatial variation in soluble carbon sources along the root coincides with different trophic groups of bacteria, copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria were enumerated from bulk soil and rhizosphere samples at 2 cm intervals along wheat roots 2, 3, and 4 weeks after planting. There was a moderate rhizosphere effect in one experiment with soil rich in fresh plant debris, and a very pronounced rhizosphere effect in the second experiment with soil low in organic matter. We obtained wavelike patterns of both trophic groups of bacteria as well as water-soluble total organic carbon (TOC) along the whole root length (60 or 90 cm). TOC concentrations were maximal at the root tip and base and minimal in the middle part of the roots. Oscillations in populations of copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria had two maxima close to the root tip and at the root base, or three maxima close to the tip, in the middle section, and at the root base. The location and pattern of the waves in bacterial populations changed progressively from week to week and was not consistently correlated with TOC concentrations or the location of lateral root formation. Thus, the traditional view that patterns in bacterial numbers along the root directly reflect patterns in exudation and rhizodeposition from several fixed sources along the root may not be true. We attributed the observed wavelike patterns in bacterial populations to bacterial growth and death cycles (due to autolysis or grazing by predators). Considering the root tip as a moving nutrient source, temporal oscillations in bacterial populations at any location where the root tip passed would result in moving waves along the root. This change in concept about bacterial populations in the rhizosphere could have significant implications for plant growth promotion and bioremediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900136
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cellophane ; conduciveness ; conventional ; cover crops ; damping-off ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; organic ; receptivity ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008603006217
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