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  • 2000-2004  (13)
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1990-1994  (18)
  • 11
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    The Lightning Imaging Sensor (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) is a NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) platform designed to acquire and investigate the distribution and variability of total lightning (i.e., cloud-to-ground and intracloud) between q35' in latitude. Since lightning is one of the responses of the atmosphere to thermodynamic and dynamic forcing, the LIS data is being used to detect deep convection without land-ocean bias, estimate the precipitation mass in the mixed phased region of thunderclouds, and differentiate storms with strong updrafts from those with weak vertical motion.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 746-749; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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  • 12
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    Global Frequency and Distribution of Lightning as Observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) is a space-based instrument specifically designed to detect and locate lightning discharges (intracloud and cloud-to-ground) as it orbits the Earth. A statistical examination of OTD lightning data reveals that nearly 1.2 billion flashes occurred over the entire earth during the one year period from September 1995 through August 1996. This translates to an average of 37 lightning flashes occurring around the globe every second, which is well below the traditional estimate of 100 flashes per second. An average of 75% of the global lightning activity during the year occurs between 30' S and 30' N. An analysis of the annual lightning distribution reveals that an average of 82% of the lightning flashes occur over the continents and 18% over the oceans, which translates to an average land-ocean flash density ratio of nearly 11.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 726-729; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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  • 13
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    Diurnal Lightning Distribution as Observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Since April 1995, lightning activity around the globe has been monitored with the Optical Transient Detector (OTD). The OTD observations acquired during the one year period from September 1995 through August 1996 have been used to statistically determine the number of flashes that occur over the Earth during each hour of the diurnal cycle, expressed both as a function of local time and universal time. The globally averaged local [il,htnina activity displays a peak in late afternoon (1500-1800 local time) and a minimum in the morning hours (0600- 1000 local time) consistent with convection associated with diurnal heating. No diurnal variation is found for oceanic storms. The diurnal lightning distribution (universal time) for the globe displays a variation of about 35% about its mean as compared to the Carnegie curve which has a variation of only 15% above and below the mean.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 742-745; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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  • 14
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    Evidence for the Absence of Conductivity Variations Above Thunderstorms (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: In recent years, atmospheric conductivity and electric field measurements over thunderstorms have been made at 20 km with a high altitude aircraft. After compensating for the effects of aircraft charging induced by external electric fields no significant variations in ambient conductivity above thunderstorms have been found. These Gerdien results contrast strongly with the large (and frequent) conductivity variations reported in studies using relaxation probe techniques.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 646-649; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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  • 15
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    Observations of lightning in the stratosphere (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An examination and analysis of video images of lightning, captured by the payload bay TV cameras of the space shuttle, provided a variety of examples of lightning in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. These images were obtained on several recent shuttle flights while conducting the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE). The images of stratospheric lightning illustrate the variety of filamentary and broad vertical discharges in the stratosphere that may accompany a lightning flash. A typical event is imaged as a single or multiple filament extending 30 to 40 km above a thunderstorm that is illuminated by a series of lightning strokes. Examples are found in temperate and tropical areas, over the oceans, and over the land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D1; p. 1465-1475
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  • 16
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    Lightning Radio Source Retrieval Using Advanced Lightning Direction Finder (ALDF) Networks (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A linear algebraic solution is provided for the problem of retrieving the location and time of occurrence of lightning ground strikes from an Advanced Lightning Direction Finder (ALDF) network. The ALDF network measures field strength, magnetic bearing and arrival time of lightning radio emissions. Solutions for the plane (i.e., no Earth curvature) are provided that implement all of tile measurements mentioned above. Tests of the retrieval method are provided using computer-simulated data sets. We also introduce a quadratic planar solution that is useful when only three arrival time measurements are available. The algebra of the quadratic root results are examined in detail to clarify what portions of the analysis region lead to fundamental ambiguities in source location. Complex root results are shown to be associated with the presence of measurement errors when the lightning source lies near an outer sensor baseline of the ALDF network. In the absence of measurement errors, quadratic root degeneracy (no source location ambiguity) is shown to exist exactly on the outer sensor baselines for arbitrary non-collinear network geometries. The accuracy of the quadratic planar method is tested with computer generated data sets. The results are generally better than those obtained from the three station linear planar method when bearing errors are about 2 deg. We also note some of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods over the nonlinear method of chi(sup 2) minimization employed by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and discussed in Cummins et al.(1993, 1995, 1998).
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 17
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    ER-2 investigations of lightning and thunderstorms (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The primary objective of the ER-2 lightning program is to investigate relationships between lightning and storm electrification and a number of underlying and interrelated phenomena including the structure, dynamics, and evolution of thunderstorms and thunderstorm systems, precipitation distribution and amounts, atmospheric chemistry processes, and the global electric circuit. This research is motivated by the desire to develop an understanding needed for the effective utilization and interpretation of data from the Lighting Imaging Sensor (LIS), the Lightning Mapper Sensor (LMS), and other satellite-based lightning detectors planned for the late 1900's and early 2000's. These satellite lightning detection systems will be characterized by high detection efficiencies (i.e., 90 percent) and the capability to detect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground discharges during day and night. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) is being developed by NASA for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. In the ER-2 and related investigations, the emphasis is on establishing quantitative relationships and developing practical algorithms that employ lightning data, such as could be derived from satellite observations of optical lightning emissions, as the independent variable. Significant accomplishments made during the past year are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY92 Earth Science and Applications Program Research Review; p 65-67
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  • 18
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    Atmospheric electricity/meteorology analysis (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This activity focuses on Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)/Lightning Mapper Sensor (LMS) algorithm development and applied research. Specifically we are exploring the relationships between (1) global and regional lightning activity and rainfall, and (2) storm electrical development, physics, and the role of the environment. U.S. composite radar-rainfall maps and ground strike lightning maps are used to understand lightning-rainfall relationships at the regional scale. These observations are then compared to SSM/I brightness temperatures to simulate LIS/TRMM multi-sensor algorithm data sets. These data sets are supplied to the WETNET project archive. WSR88-D (NEXRAD) data are also used as it becomes available. The results of this study allow us to examine the information content from lightning imaging sensors in low-earth and geostationary orbits. Analysis of tropical and U.S. data sets continues. A neural network/sensor fusion algorithm is being refined for objectively associating lightning and rainfall with their parent storm systems. Total lightning data from interferometers are being used in conjunction with data from the national lightning network. A 6-year lightning/rainfall climatology has been assembled for LIS sampling studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY92 Earth Science and Applications Program Research Review; p 59
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  • 19
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    Lightning to the upper atmosphere: A vertical light pulse from the top of a thunderstorm as seen by a payload bay TV camera of the space shuttle (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An examination and preliminary analysis of video images of thunderstorms as seen by a payload bay TV camera of the Space Shuttle provided examples of lightning in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. These images were obtained on several recent Shuttle flights while conducting the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE). MLE was an experiment to obtain night time images from space of large storm complexes with lightning. These images are used to provide data for the design of specialized instrumentation which will provide quantitative measurements of global lightning. Eight video sequences were selected because they illustrate near vertical discharges in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. Although there are previous reports in the literature, these are the first images from the viewpoint of an orbiting spacecraft. The written material is primarily a companion to a video presentation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center, The 1991 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Volume 2; 9 p
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  • 20
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    Global lightning studies (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The global lightning signatures were analyzed from the DMSP Optical Linescan System (OLS) imagery archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Transition to analysis of the digital archive becomes available and compare annual, interannual, and seasonal variations with other global data sets. An initial survey of the quality of the existing film archive was completed and lightning signatures were digitized for the summer months of 1986 to 1987. The relationship is studied between: (1) global and regional lightning activity and rainfall, and (2) storm electrical development and environment. Remote sensing data sets obtained from field programs are used in conjunction with satellite/radar/lightning data to develop and improve precipitation estimation algorithms, and to provide a better understanding of the co-evolving electrical, microphysical, and dynamical structure of storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY91 Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Research Program Review; p 19-20
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