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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films with three different orientations (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4217-4220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial thin films of YBaCuO have been prepared with (1) the a axis perpendicular to (100) SrTiO3 ; (2) the c axis perpendicular to (100) SrTiO3 ; and (3) the [110] axis perpendicular to (110) SrTiO3. Films were fabricated using a multilayer deposition technique involving three electron guns containing Y, BaF2, and Cu under a pressure of 5×10−5 Torr of O2. As deposited films, which contained polycrystalline and amorphous regions, were later annealed in a furnace under a flowing O2-H2 O atmosphere. X-ray diffraction patterns as well as scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy images confirm that the films are highly oriented, essentially epitaxial. The a-axis oriented film exhibits zero resistance at 90 K and a critical current density of 2.9×106 A/cm2 at 4.2 K while the c-axis oriented film exhibits a Tc of 88 K and a Jc of 0.9×107 A/cm2 at 4.2K; the Jc values were determined magnetically. The [110]-orientation film shows the sharpest transition with a transition width of 1 K and zero resistance at 85 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344932
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of dynamics of diffusion and cluster formation of copper deposition on polyimide by optical second-harmonic generation (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 2655-2662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate that optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be successfully used for in situ study of metal/polymer interfaces. With this SHG technique, Cu cluster formation on polyimide by surface diffusion and Cu diffusion into polyimide have been investigated. The diffusion coefficients of Cu clusters into polyimide at various temperatures have been determined from the measured decay of SHG signal with time. The effects of temperature, cluster size, and surface modification on diffusion have also been examined. For T 〈 Tg, the surface diffusion of Cu on polyimide to form clusters dominates over the diffusion into the bulk. The latter process becomes competitive with increasing temperature. When T (approximately-greater-than) Tg, few large-size Cu clusters can be formed on the polyimide surface. Cu diffusion into polyimide bulk can be greatly impeded by either a monolayer of Ti or by Cu clusters implanted in polyimide beforehand. In this case, Cu can wet the modified surface and form an interface between Cu and polyimide with good adhesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351037
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface density of soluble surfactants at the air/water interface: Adsorption equilibrium studied by second harmonic generation (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 95 (1991), S. 4620-4625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical second harmonic generation is employed to investigate the adsorption of soluble naphthalene sulfonates from the bulk solution to the air/water interface in the presence of excess counter ions. Both the surface density of surfactant molecules and the surface pressure were measured as functions of surfactant concentration in solution to yield the adsorption isotherm and the surface pressure/area isotherm. The system investigated shows nonideal gas behavior. The ratio of the activity coefficients at the surface and in the bulk is not unity; however both appear to be constant over the concentration range probed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.461730
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular monolayers of charge-transfer complexes: Protonation and aggregation studied by second harmonic generation (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 2315-2323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Second-order optical nonlinearities of molecules can be strongly affected by the environment. Protonation and aggregation of the dyes 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene (NS) and hemicyanine (HC), are investigated by second harmonic generation from molecular monolayers floating on water. The observed second-order nonlinearity of such molecules in the form of either a pure monolayer or a monolayer diluted with stearic acid directly reflects the degree of protonation of the molecules. For NS and HC, the variation of the second-order molecular polarizability with protonation is opposite. It is demonstrated that the measured nonlinearity can be used to deduce the effective proton concentration in the surface region. The proton concentration close to a stearic acid monolayer floating on water, for example, is found to be ∼7 orders of magnitude larger than the bulk proton concentration when the latter is low. The effects of stearic acid in diluting a dye molecular monolayer on changing the environment and breaking dye aggregates are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459903
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and magnetic properties of R(Fe1−yCoy)12−xNbx compounds (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 2165-2171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties of RFe12−xNbx and R(Fe1−yCoy)11.3Nb0.7 compounds with R=Y, Tb, and Dy have been investigated in the concentration region defined by 0.6〈x〈0.8 and y≤0.3, where the compounds are single phase with the ThMn12-type of structure. The Curie temperature TC of the RFe12−xNbx compounds is almost independent of the Nb content whereas the saturation magnetization Ms decreases with increasing Nb content. The spin-reorientation temperature Tsr of the TbFe12−xNbx and DyFe12−xNbx compounds decreases monotonically with increasing x. Substitution of Co for Fe in RFe11.3Nb0.7 leads to a remarkable increase of TC and the appearance of a maximum in the Co-concentration dependence of Ms. In contrast, Tsr decreases monotonically with increasing Co content for both R=Tb and Dy. The modification of T- and R-sublattice anisotropy originating from a change of the Nb content and from substitution of Co for Fe was analyzed by combining crystalline electric field theory and the individual-site model. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1425441
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition, residual stress, and structural properties of thin tungsten nitride films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1380-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin tungsten nitride (WNx) films were produced by reactive dc magnetron sputtering of tungsten in an Ar–N2 gas mixture. The effects of the variation of nitrogen partial pressure on the composition, residual stress, and structural properties of these films as well as the influence of postdeposition annealing have been studied. The films were analyzed in situ by a cantilever beam technique, and ex situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that at N concentrations below 8 at. %, the films (typical 150 nm in thickness) were essentially bcc α-W. An amorphous phase was observed in the range of about 12–28 at. % N. When N concentrations reached ∼32 at. % or above, a single-phase structure of W2N was formed. Annealing of the as-deposited films resulted in crystallization of the amorphous or an improved crystallinity of the W2N structure, which was related to the N concentration. Stresses of all W and WNx films were compressive. As the N concentration was increased, the stress decreased and reached its lowest value for amorphous samples near 20 at. % N. Past this point, the compression of films rose again. These results can be ascribed to structural changes induced by the pressure-dependent variation in the average energy of particles bombarding the film during deposition. Cross-sectional TEM studies showed that all crystalline WNx films had columnar microstructures. The average column width near stoichiometry of W2N was ∼20±5 nm near the film surface. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373827
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large change of the giant magnetoresistance behavior after changing the spacer from Cu to CuMn alloy in Co/spacer/Co structures (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5030-5032 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects in sandwiched Co/Cu/Co and Co/CuMn/Co structures have been investigated. The GMR oscillates with the spacer thickness for both cases, but is nearly antiphased. With diluted Mn atoms in the Cu spacer, the GMR curve as a function of the magnetic field changes a lot, and the saturation/switching field for GMR can be reduced greatly compared with that in Co/Cu/Co systems. This may indicate one way to obtain a highly sensitive GMR. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370081
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An amplifier for a fast semiconducting bolometer (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 3100-3101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new amplifier, designed to operate with fast semiconducting bolometers, is presented. Based on current detection of the bolometer signal, it allows one to obtain good sensitivity with response times of about 10 ns without using cryogenic electrical components. The amplifier was used to detect heat pulses propagating in a Si crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142161
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the prediction of electromigration voiding using stress-based modeling (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 4039-4041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In modeling electromigration failure, it is common to employ the concept of a critical stress at which interconnect failure occurs. In this report, we illustrate that the atomic flux divergence, obtained directly from the one-dimensional stress-based modeling, is more appropriate in characterizing the formation of void in electromigration. A numerical analysis was carried out, to model the evolution of stress, atomic flux, and flux divergence in an aluminum line containing a fast-diffusion segment. The maximum flux divergence, not the maximum tensile stress, predicts the voiding location which is consistent with microscopic observations in the experiments of Joo et al. [Acta. Mater. 46, 1969 (1998); J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2108 (1999)] utilizing nanoindented single-crystal aluminum lines. This is because the flux divergence directly reflects the extent of matter depletion, and thus the propensity of voiding. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372452
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual stress, microstructure, and structure of tungsten thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The residual stress and structural properties of tungsten thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering as a function of sputtering-gas pressure are reported. The films were analyzed in situ by a cantilever beam technique, and ex situ by x-ray diffraction, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy-loss spectrometry, and energy-filtered electron diffraction. It is found that the residual stress, microstructure, and surface morphology are clearly correlated. The film stresses, determined in real time during the film formation, depend strongly on the argon pressure and change from highly compressive to highly tensile in a relatively narrow pressure range of 12–26 mTorr. For pressures exceeding ∼60 mTorr, the stress in the film is nearly zero. It is also found that the nonequilibrium A15 W structure is responsible for the observed tensile stress, whereas the stable bcc W or a mixture of bcc W and A15 W are in compression. Cross-sectional TEM evidence indicates that the compressively stressed films contain a dense microstructure without any columns, while the films having tensile stress have a very columnar microstructure. High sputtering-gas pressure conditions yield dendritic-like film growth, resulting in complete relaxation of the residual tensile stresses. Structural details of the A15 W and amorphous W phases were also investigated at the atomic level using energy-filtered electron diffraction with reduced radial distribution function G(r) analysis. By comparing the experimental and simulated G(r) distributions, the A15 W structure is determined to be composed of ordered and stacking faulted W3W structures and the amorphous W has a disordered structure of W3O. The effect of oxygen in stabilizing the A15 phase found is explained on the basis of structural and thermodynamic stability. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371841
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