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  • Geophysics  (137)
  • Man/System Technology and Life Support  (133)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
  • 2005-2009  (321)
  • 1950-1954  (9)
  • 1
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    Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole : first results from MLS on Aura (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on Aura is providing an extensive data set on stratospheric winter polar processing, including the first daily global observations of HCl, together with simultaneous measurements of ClO, HNO3, H2O, O3, N2O, and temperature (among others). We present first results charting the evolution of these quantities during the 2004 Antarctic late winter. MLS observations of chlorine deactivation and ozone loss during this period are shown to be consistent with results from the SLIMCAT chemical transport model.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; Volume 32; L12817
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Plasmaspheric Plumes Observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE Spacecraft (2008)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Global IMAGE/EUV observations have revealed complex changes in plasmaspheric structures as the plasmasphere responds to geomagnetic activity while remaining under varying degrees of influence by co-rotation, depending on the radial distance. The complex plasmaspheric dynamics, with different scales of variability, is clearly far from being well understood. There is now renewed interest in the plasmasphere due to its apparent connections with the development of the ring current and radiation belt, and loss of ionospheric plasmas. Early in the mission, the Cluster spacecraft only crossed the plasmapause (L - 4) occasionally and made measurements of the outer plasmasphere and plasmaspheric drainage plumes. The study by Darrouzet et al. [2006] provided detailed analyses of in situ Cluster observations and IMAGE EUV observations of three plasmaspheric plumes detected in April-June, 2002. Within the next couple of years, Cluster orbit will change, causing perigee to migrate to lower altitudes, and thus providing excellent opportunities to obtain more detailed measurements of the plasmasphere. In this paper, we report our analyses of the earlier Cluster-IMAGE events by incorporating the different perspectives provided by the IMAGE Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) observations. We will discuss our new understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Cluster-IMAGE events.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Dynamical Processes in Space Plasmas; Sep 22, 2008 - Sep 27, 2008; Portsmouth, NH; United States
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  • 3
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    Gen 2.0 Mixer/Ejector Nozzle Test at LSAF June 1995 to July 1996 (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Testing of the HSCT Generation 2.0 nozzle model hardware was conducted at the Boeing Low Speed Aeroacoustic Facility, LSAF. Concurrent measurements of noise and thrust were made at critical takeoff design conditions for a variety of mixer/ejector model hardware. Design variables such as suppressor area ratio, mixer area ratio, liner type and thickness, ejector length, lobe penetration, and mixer chute shape were tested. Parallel testing was conducted at G.E.'s Cell 41 acoustic free jet facility to augment the LSAF test. The results from the Gen 2.0 testing are being used to help shape the current nozzle baseline configuration and guide the efforts in the upcoming Generation 2.5 and 3.0 nozzle tests. The Gen 2.0 results have been included in the total airplane system studies conducted at MDC and Boeing to provide updated noise and thrust performance estimates.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA/CR-2005-213334 , E-14804
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  • 4
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    Oxygen Generation from Carbon Dioxide for Advanced Life Support (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The partial electrochemical reduction of CO2 using ceramic oxygen generators (COGs) is well known and has been studied. Conventional COGs use yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes and operate at temperatures greater than 700 C (1, 2). Operating at a lower temperature has the advantage of reducing the mass of the ancillary components such as insulation. Moreover, complete reduction of metabolically produced CO2 (into carbon and oxygen) has the potential of reducing oxygen storage weight if the oxygen can be recovered. Recently, the University of Florida developed ceramic oxygen generators employing a bilayer electrolyte of gadolinia-doped ceria and erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) for NASA s future exploration of Mars (3). The results showed that oxygen could be reliably produced from CO2 at temperatures as low as 400 C. These results indicate that this technology could be adapted to CO2 removal from a spacesuit and other applications in which CO2 removal is an issue. This strategy for CO2 removal in advanced life support systems employs a catalytic layer combined with a COG so that the CO2 is reduced completely to solid carbon and oxygen. First, to reduce the COG operating temperature, a thin, bilayer electrolyte was employed. Second, to promote full CO2 reduction while avoiding the problem of carbon deposition on the COG cathode, a catalytic carbon deposition layer was designed and the cathode utilized materials shown to be coke resistant. Third, a composite anode was used consisting of bismuth ruthenate (BRO) and ESB that has been shown to have high performance (4). The inset of figure 1 shows the conceptual design of the tubular COG and the rest of the figure shows schematically the test apparatus. Figure 2 shows the microstructure of a COG tube prior to testing. During testing, current is applied across the cell and initially CuO is reduced to copper metal by electrochemical pumping. Then the oxygen source becomes the CO/CO2. This presentation details the results of testing the COG.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Meeting of the Electrochemical Society; Oct 07, 2007 - Oct 12, 2007; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 5
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    Identification of Hydrated Sulfates Collected in the Northern Rio Tinto Valley by Reflectance and Raman Spectroscopy (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: OMEGA recently identified spectral signatures of kieserite, gypsum, and other polyhydrated sulfates at multiple locations on the surface of Mars [1,2]. The presence of sulfates was confirmed through in situ spectroscopy by MER Opportunity [3]. An approach to validate these interpretations is to collect corresponding spectral data from sulfate-rich terrestrial analog sites. The northern Rio Tinto Valley near Nerva, Spain, is a good Martian analog locale because it features extensive seasonal sulfate mineralization driven by highly acidic waters [4]. We report on mineralogical compositions identified by field VNIR spectroscopy and laboratory Raman spectroscopy.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 2006 - Mar 17, 2006; League City, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Plasma sheet turbulence observed by Cluster II (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cluster fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) and ion spectrometer (CIS) data are employed to analyze magnetic field fluctuations within the plasma sheet during passages through the magnetotail region in the summers of 2001 and 2002 and, in particular, to look for characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. Power spectral indices determined from power spectral density functions are on average larger than Kolmogorov's theoretical value for fluid turbulence as well as Kraichnan's theoretical value for MHD plasma turbulence. Probability distribution functions of the magnetic fluctuations show a scaling law over a large range of temporal scales with non-Gaussian distributions at small dissipative scales and inertial scales and more Gaussian distribution at large driving scales. Furthermore, a multifractal analysis of the magnetic field components shows scaling behavior in the inertial range of the fluctuations from about 20 s to 13 min for moments through the fifth order. Both the scaling behavior of the probability distribution functions and the multifractal structure function suggest that intermittent turbulence is present within the plasma sheet. The unique multispacecraft aspect and fortuitous spacecraft spacing allow us to examine the turbulent eddy scale sizes. Dynamic autocorrelation and cross correlation analysis of the magnetic field components allow us to determine that eddy scale sizes fit within the plasma sheet. These results suggest that magnetic field turbulence is occurring within the plasma sheet resulting in turbulent energy dissipation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 110
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  • 7
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    Interactive Exhibits for Geophysical Education: Uncovering the Secrets of the Earth (2008)
    WSEAS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Educational & Outreach Group of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Rome, Italy) designed a portable museum to bring on the road educational activities focused on the understanding of geomagnetism, plate tectonics, seismology and seismic hazard. Here the main experiments, models and exhibits which have been successfully installed in Genoa for the Science Festival (2003, 2004) and in Rome (2005) with enthusiastic audience participation are shown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 375-381
    Description: 5.8. TTC - Formazione e informazione
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geophysics ; education ; geomagnetism ; plate tectonics ; seismology ; portable museum ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Three-System Isotopic of Lunar Norite 78238: Rb-Sr Results (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The duration of lunar magma ocean (LMO) crystallization is poorly constrained (Fig. 1). Three techniques employed to determine the age of LMO solidification are 1) dating ferroan anorthosites (FANs), thought to be primary cumulates from the LMO, 2) calculating model ages for KREEP, the most incompatible element enriched material that remained after approx.99.5% of the LMO crystallized [1], and 3) constraining the age of the oldest KREEP-rich magnesium suite (Mg-suite) or alkali suite rock. Dating FANs is difficult because the samples are essentially monomineralic and contain low abundances of many elements used in isotopic dating. In addition, the young ages determined for some FANs may be related to impact metamorphism, potentially making FANs non-ideal for dating the age of LMO crystallization (e.g., [2]). Model ages for KREEP formation are dependent on the assumptions of the initial isotopic composition and parent/daughter ratio of the source. However, lunar rocks are susceptible to isotopic resetting and volatile element loss during shock, and are therefore unlikely to yield consistent model LMO crystallization ages (e.g., [3]). Rocks from the Mg-suite contain KREEP, indicating that they formed after LMO crystallization, and have old ages that indicate they formed almost immediately after the LMO crystallized (Fig. 1). Therefore, precisely dating the oldest Mg-suite rock is a promising way to constrain the age of LMO solidification.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 5; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-5
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  • 9
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    Comparisons of EOS MLS cloud ice measurements with ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations : initial results (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: To assess the status of global climate models (GCMs) in simulating upper-tropospheric ice water content (IWC), a new set of IWC measurements from the Earth Observing System's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used. Comparisons are made with ECMWF analyses and simulations from several GCMs, including two with multi-scale-modeling framework.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; Volume 32; L18710
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  • 10
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    The Relationship of Loss, Mean Age of Air and the Distribution of CFCs to Stratospheric Circulation and Implications for Atmospheric Lifetimes (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Man-made molecules called chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) are broken apart in the stratosphere by high energy light, and the reactive chlorine gases that come from them cause the ozone hole. Since the ozone layer stops high energy light from reaching low altitudes, CFCs must be transported to high altitudes to be broken apart. The number of molecules per volume (the density) is much smaller at high altitudes than near the surface, and CFC molecules have a very small chance of reaching that altitude in any particular year. Many tons of CFCs were put into the atmosphere during the end of the last century, and it will take many years for all of them to be destroyed. Each CFC has an atmospheric lifetime that depends on the amount of energy required to break them apart. Two of the gases that were made the most are CFC13 and CF2C12. It takes more energy to break apart CF2C12 than CFC13, and its lifetime is about 100 years, nearly twice as long as the lifetime for CFC13. It is hard to figure out the lifetimes from surface measurements because we don't know exactly how much was released into the air each year. Atmospheric models are used to predict what will happen to ozone and other gases as the CFCs decrease and other gases like C02 continue to increase during the next century. CFC lifetimes are used to predict future concentrations and all assessment models use the predicted future concentrations. The models have different circulations and the amount of CFC lost according to the model may not match the loss that is expected according to the lifetime. In models the amount destroyed per year depends on how fast the model pushes air into the stratosphere and how much goes to high altitudes each year. This paper looks at the way the model circulation changes the lifetimes, and looks at measurements that tell us which model is more realistic. Some models do a good job reproducing the age-of-air, which tells us that these models are circulating the stratospheric air at the right speed. These same models also do a good job reproducing the amount of CFCs in the lower atmosphere where they were measured by instruments on NASA's ER-2, a research plane that flies in the lower stratosphere. The lifetime for CFC13 that is calculated using the models that do the best job matching the data is about 25% longer than most people thought. This paper shows that using these measurements to decide which models are more realistic helps us understand why their predictions are different from each other and also to decide which predictions are more likely.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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