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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2007-12-24
    Print ISSN: 1618-2642
    Electronic ISSN: 1618-2650
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2005-10-14
    Print ISSN: 1618-2642
    Electronic ISSN: 1618-2650
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 155 (1959), S. 350-367 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Mott theory of the Coulomb-scattering of electrons and some experimental results (for example those ofKinzinger andBothe) do not agree. Therefore a new experimental method was used to investigate this problem: The 150-kev electrons were not scattered by foils but by gases of low pressure; to get enough scattering events in spite of the small number of scattering centres an annular counter was used, which integrated with respect to the azimuth angle. Scattering by a gaseous target had the important advantage that corrections for multiple scattering were negligible. The main experimental difficulty was the complete suppression of the electrons having been backscattered from the chamber walls. Relative cross sections were determined for 60, 90, 120 and 135 degrees for the atomic numbers 36, 54, and 80. The data are in agreement with the Mott theory within the experimental error of ± 5 %.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 176 (1963), S. 126-142 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several authors have investigated the angular distribution of plurally scattered electrons, but no experimental investigations in the range of plural scattering are known about the distribution of linear displacements. Therefore electrons (40 keV... 130 keV) have been shot in extended gaseous targets (He, Ne, A, Kr, Xe and O2) of low pressure and the resultant distribution of the current density at the end of the target has been measured by means of thep−n junction of a gallium arsenide cell. The measurements in argon are compared with theoretical calculations. It is shown by some examples how to get from the measurements at the end of the target the electron distribution inside the target, too.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 178 (1964), S. 133-145 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen über den Anregungsmechanismus in einer 2400 MHz Fackelentladung mitgeteilt. Mit Hilfe eines Analogrechengerätes zur Lösung der Abelschen Integralgleichung wird das Temperaturprofil der Fackel aufgestellt, deren Maximaltemperatur 5700°K beträgt. Aus der berechneten Elektronenenergie-verteilung kann die Anregung des erscheinenden Bandenspektrums nicht erklärt werden, vielmehr scheinen Stufenprozesse unter Mitwirkung metastabiler Zustände des Arbeitsgases für die Anregung wesentlich zu sein. Das HF-Feld setzt sich außerhalb des koaxialen Brennersystems in das Plasma hinein fort, was mit Erscheinungen der Argon-Fackel experimentell und mit Hilfe der Telegraphengleichung rechnerisch gefunden wird.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an experimental and theoretical research into the mechanism of a high frequency electronic torch operating at 2400 mc/s.Abel's formula is used to determine the temperature profile of the torch, the peak temperature is of the order of 5700°K. The calculation of electron distribution shows the energy of electrons being too small for direct excitation of the appearing band-spectrum. The metastables of the gas are found to be very important for the discharge. It becomes evident, that the hf-field acts on the gas also out of the coaxial burner-system.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 159 (1960), S. 443-455 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ohlin's maximum of the tungsten isochromat may well be explained on the basis of the energy bands of tungsten calculated byManning andChodorow. The photons near the threshold voltage are then assumed to arise from transitions of the primary electrons to the unoccupied levels of the 5d and 6s bands. Using this explanation one has to drop, however, a selection rule formulated byNijboer, admitting only transitions to final s states. The validity of this „s selection rule“ is critically examined. For a strict treatment one has to calculate the matrix elements connected with the transitions, using the exact wave functions of the tungsten crystal. These, however, are not known sufficiently. ThereforeNijboer appliedNedelsky's results for free-free transitions at the isolated atom to the transitions to bound states of the solid. Yet according to calculations made recently byGuggenberer the s selection rule is put into question even for free-free transitions. — A better approximation is obtained considering electron transitions from the continuum to the 5d and 6s states of the isolated atom. A calculation of the corresponding matrix elements is carried out. It shows that both kinds of transitions are of about the same probability at energies around 1 keV which are of special concern to us. Therefore it is allowed to use the 5d band for explaining the tungsten isochromat.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 173 (1963), S. 54-70 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Abschätzung der zu erwartenden Ultrarotabsorption freier Ladungsträger auf Grund der „Leitungsabsorption“ (Drude-Fröhlich-Theorie) führt zu der Problematik der frequenzabhängigen Beweglichkeit. Auf der anderen Seite bestehen bei der Deutung des Absorptionsspektrums Differenzen und in den Messungen Widersprüchlichkeiten, die zunächst diskutiert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird mit Hilfe des speziellen Differenzmeßverfahrens der Absorptionsquerschnitt von photoelektrisch erzeugten freien Ladungsträgern angegeben. Die Messungen wurden an amorphem und hexagonalem Selen (Einkristalle und polykristalline Proben) durchgeführt und bringen im wesentlichen das gleiche Ergebnis. Danach verläuft das Absorptionsspektrum bis etwa 5μm nicht gemäß der „Leitungsabsorption“, sondern wird von vier Absorptionsbanden bei 1,9 μm, 2,9 μm, 3,4 μm und 4,05 μm beherrscht. Die Absorptionsbanden werden Intrabandübergängen innerhalb des Valenzbandes zugeordnet. Auf diese Weise kann speziell für hexagonal-einkristallines Selen quantitativ eine Feinstruktur des Valenzbandes angegeben werden: Es besteht aus zweip-Bändern, deren Ränder am Maximum des Valenzbandes einen Abstand von 0,36 eV besitzen und die aus je drei Zweigen bestehen mit Abständen von 0,05 bzw. 0,28 eV vom jeweiligen Rand aus. An Hand des vorgeschlagenen Bändermodells gelingt es, die Banden desnormalen Absorptionsspektrums von hexagonal-einkristallinem Selen zu deuten, wobei ebenfalls die bekannten Polarisationsabhängigkeiten in der Absorptionskante erklärt werden. In dem sich ergebenden Bändermodell treten zwischen Valenz- und Leitungsband keine Energiezustände auf.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 174 (1963), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract RecentlySonoda and coworkers found discrepancies betweenTimm's theory of electrostatic lenses and experiments. Very few experimental data having been available, measurements were made of the cardinal elements of electron lenses, using the method described byKlemperer. This method is based on the exact measurement of the small cross section of an electron beam. The beam was scanned by means of an electronic equipment and was made visible on a television screen. The results proved to be approximated byTimm's theory only roughly. Consequences for the calculation of accelerating tubes are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 182 (1964), S. 137-152 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the last years several experiments on small angle scattering have been made the results of which are not in agreement withLenz's theoretical results commonly used in electron microscopy. These measurements having been made on foils, a possible reason for the discrepancies seemed to be that scattering did not take place on isolated, spherical, neutral atoms as theory assumes. These conditions were fulfilled, however, at the experiments of the following paper. In spite of this there is no agreement with theoretical results basing onLenz's scattering cross sections except in the case of neon, whereLenz's cross sections give very reliable values. The discrepancies are shown not to be explainable by a breakdown ofBorn's approximation as seems to be obvious because of the systematic increase of the discrepancies with atomic number.
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