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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1245-1257 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained from oriented fibers of sodium deoxyribonucleic acid (Na-DNA) as a function of salt content and relative humidity. We have confirmed the previously reported X-ray results that, for oriented fibers, the A-form always exists between 75 and 92% relative humidity and that the conformation will change to the B-form at 92% relative humidity only if an excess (3-5%) of added salt is present. Oriented fibers containing low amounts of added salt remain in the A-type conformation at 92% relative humidity and higher. An exact correlation has been found between the familiar A- and B-type X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers and the Raman spectra previously reported without X-ray verification from this laboratory for the A- and B-forms. In particular, a band at 807 cm-1 was always present when a fiber showed the A-type diffraction pattern, and this band shifts to 790 cm-1 in the B-form. Using the Raman spectrum to determine the specific conformation of DNA in samples less amenable to X-ray analysis, we have studied the A ⇄ Btransformation in unoriented fibrous masses of DNA and in concentrated, oriented gels. We find that in unoriented fibrous masses, the A ⇄ B transition always occurs at 92% relative humidity even at very low salt concentration (0-4%). However, in oriented DNA gels at low salt, the A-form can persist as a metastable state to concentration as low as 20% DNA. The origin of the bands at 807 and 790 cm-1 and the possible biological implications of these findings are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 536-543 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosinsbeständigkeit und mechanische Eigenschaften von nickelhaltigen ferritischen stählenZusatz von nickel zu ferritischen Stählen mit 25-28% Cr und 2-4% Mo verbessert die Schlagzähigkeit, vor allem bei Ni-Gehalten oberhalb 2%. Die Wirkung des Nickels nimmt bis zur untersuchten Obergrenze (4%) zu. Niobstabilisierte Stähle haben niedrigere Übergangstemperaturen als entsprechende titanstabilisierte. Stähle mit 4% Nickel müssen bei 1050°C angelassen werden, um Bildung intermetallischer Verbindungen zu vermeiden. Ferner wurde beobachte, dß Nickel die obere Schwellenenergie bei der Kerbschlagprüfung nach Charpy verringert und den scharfen Überzug zäh/spröd aus schalter. Ein deutlicher Einfluß des Nickels auf das Lochkorrosionspotential wurde nicht festgestellt; die Stähle in der Reihe 25 Cr-3,5 Mo-Ni--Ti hatten jedoch durchweg edlere Lochkorrosionspotentiale und besser Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit als die Stähle mit 28Cr und 2Mo (Ni Ti) Die Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit wird durch 1 order 2% Nickel verbessert, während höhere Gehalte ungünstig zu sein scheinen. Die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte in 1 n Schwefel-und Salzsäure wird durch Nickel stark verringert, weshalb die Beständigkeit dann erhöht ist. Durch 1% Nickel werden die angelassenen Stähle anfällig für Spannungsrißkorrosion in Magnesiumchloridlösung bei 140°C, während geschweißte Stähle mit 4% Nickel in siedender 25%tiger Natriumchloridlösung bei pH l Keine Rißbildung aufweisen.
    Notes: Additions of nickel to ferritic steels containing 25-28% Cr and 2-4% Mo increased the impact toguhness especially when more than 2% Ni was present. The effect of nickel content increased up to 4% Ni, the largest addition studied. Steels stabilized with niobium had lower transition temperatures then did corresponding steels stablizied with titanium. Steels containing 4% Ni required annealing at 1050 C to avoid intermetalic compounds. It was also noted that nickel reduced the upper shelf energy in the Charpy impact test and eliminated a sharp transition from ductile to brittle behaviour.No definite effect of nickel on pitting potential was pound but steels in the series 25Cr-3.5 Mo-Ni-Ti consistenly had more noble pitting potentials and greater resistance to crevice corrosion than the 28 Cr-2Mo-Ni-Ti steels. Nickel contents of 1 or 2% tended to improve crevice corrosion resistance while larger nickel contents were somewhat ditrimental. Nickel strongly reduced critical current densities for passivity both in l N H2SO4 and in l N HCL and yielded corresponding increases in resistance to corrosion by these acids. Although 1% Ni or more caused the annealed steels to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in MgCl2 boiling at 140 C, while the as-Welded steels containing 4% Ni did not crack in boiling 25% Nacl at pH 1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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