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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (937)
  • Meteorology and Climatology
  • 2005-2009  (185)
  • 1975-1979  (938)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) was conducted September 27 through October 22, 2004 on the North Slope of Alaska. The primary objective was to collect a data set suitable to study interactions between microphysics, dynamics and radiative transfer in mixed-phase Arctic clouds. Observations taken during the 1997/1998 Surface Heat and Energy Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment revealed that Arctic clouds frequently consist of one (or more) liquid layers precipitating ice. M-PACE sought to investigate the physical processes of these clouds utilizing two aircraft (an in situ aircraft to characterize the microphysical properties of the clouds and a remote sensing aircraft to constraint the upwelling radiation) over the Department of Energy s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) on the North Slope of Alaska. The measurements successfully documented the microphysical structure of Arctic mixed-phase clouds, with multiple in situ profiles collected in both single-layer and multi-layer clouds over two ground-based remote sensing sites. Liquid was found in clouds with temperatures down to -30 C, the coldest cloud top temperature below -40 C sampled by the aircraft. Remote sensing instruments suggest that ice was present in low concentrations, mostly concentrated in precipitation shafts, although there are indications of light ice precipitation present below the optically thick single-layer clouds. The prevalence of liquid down to these low temperatures could potentially be explained by the relatively low measured ice nuclei concentrations.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 2
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    Pioneer 11 encounter - Preliminary results from the Ames Research Center plasma analyzer experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pioneer 11 observations of the interaction of Jupiter's magnetosphere with the distant solar wind have confirmed the earlier Pioneer 10 observations of the great size and extreme variability of the outer magnetosphere. The nature of the plasma transitions across Jupiter's bow shock and magnetopause as observed on Pioneer 10 have also been confirmed on Pioneer 11. However, the northward direction of the Pioneer 11 outbound trajectory and the distance of the final magnetopause crossing (80 Jupiter radii) now suggest that Jupiter's magnetosphere is extremely broad with a half-thickness (normal to the ecliptic plane in the noon meridian) which is comparable to or greater than the sunward distance to the nose.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 188; May 2
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  • 3
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    Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance and color of the Martian sky and soil and the spectral reflectance of soil features are estimated from six-channel (0.4-1.0 micron) spectral data obtained with the Viking lander cameras. Images taken near local noon from the two landers reveal a sky that is brighter near the horizon than the soil but with a similar spectral radiance shape and color. The scenes are predominantly moderate yellowish brown in color with only subtle variations except for some dark grey rocks. Most spectral reflectance estimates are similar: they rise rapidly with increasing wavelength between 0.4 and 0.8 micron and with only a few exceptions exhibit a pronounced minimum centered about 0.93 micron. These characteristics are consistent with an abundance of Fe(3+)-rich weathering products, notably nontronite. However, the delineation of the number and abundances of total mineral phases requires further analyses and laboratory comparisons. Reflectance estimates for rocks have not been repeatable, probably because most rocks have irregular pitted surfaces that introduce significant shadowing components.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 4
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    An Intercomparison of Microphysical Retrieval Algorithms for Upper Tropospheric Ice Clouds (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The large horizontal extent, location in the cold upper troposphere, and ice composition make cirrus clouds important modulators of the earth's radiation budget and climate. Cirrus cloud microphysical properties are difficult to measure and model because they are inhomogeneous in nature and their ice crystal size distribution and habit are not well characterized. Accurate retrievals of cloud properties are crucial for improving the representation of cloud scale processes in large-scale models and for accurately predicting the earth's future climate. A number of passive and active remote sensing retrieval algorithms exist for estimating the microphysical properties of upper tropospheric clouds. We believe significant progress has been made in the evolution of these retrieval algorithms in the last decade, however, there is room for improvement. Members of the Atmospheric Radiation measurement program (ARM) Cloud properties Working Group are involved in an intercomparison of optical depth(tau), ice water path, and characteristic particle size in clouds retrieved using ground-based instruments. The goals of this intercomparison are to evaluate the accuracy of state-of-the-art algorithms, quantify the uncertainties, and make recommendations for improvement.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 5
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    Cloud images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ultraviolet images of Venus obtained over a 3-month period show marked evolution of the planetary-scale features in the cloud patterns. The dark horizontal 'Y' feature recurs quasi-periodically at intervals of about 4 days, but has also been absent for periods of several weeks. Bow-shaped features observed in Pioneer Venus images are farther upstream from the subsolar point than those in Mariner 10 images
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
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  • 6
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    The search for organic substances and inorganic volatile compounds in the surface of Mars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A total of four Martian samples, one surface and one subsurface sample at each of the two Viking landing sites, Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia, have been analyzed for organic compounds by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. In none of these experiments could organic material of Martian origin be detected at detection limits generally of the order of parts per billion and for a few substances closer to parts per million. The evolution of water and carbon dioxide, but not of other inorganic gases, was observed upon heating the sample to temperatures of up to 500 C. The absence of organic compounds seems to preclude their production on the planet at rates that exceed the rate of their destruction. It also makes it unlikely that living systems that behave in a manner similar to terrestrial biota exist, at least at the two Viking landing sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 7
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    Lunar microcraters - Implications for the micrometeoroid complex (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: (For abstract see issue 03, p. 459, Accession no. A75-13187)
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 8
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    IPL processing of the Mariner 10 images of Mercury (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This paper describes the digital processing performed on the images of Mercury returned to earth from Mariner 10. Each image contains considerably more information than can be displayed in a single picture. Several specialized processing techniques and procedures are utilized to display the particular information desired for specific scientific analyses: radiometric decalibration for photometric investigations, high-pass filtering to characterize morphology, modulation transfer function restoration to provide the highest possible resolution, scene-dependent filtering of the terminator images to provide maximum feature discriminability in the regions of low illumination, and rectification to cartographic projections to provide known geometric relationships between features. A principal task was the construction of full disk mosaics as an aid to the understanding of surface structure on a global scale.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 10
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  • 9
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    Plasma observations near Jupiter - Initial results from Voyager 2 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary report is presented of the results obtained by the Voyager 2 plasma experiment during the encounter of Voyager 2 with Jupiter from about 100 Jupiter radii before periapsis to about 300 Jupiter radii after periapsis, the instrument being identical to that on Voyager 1. The discussion covers the following: (1) the crossings of the bow shock and magnetopause observed on the inbound and outbound passes; (2) the radial variation of plasma properties in the magnetosphere; (3) variations in plasma properties near Ganymede; (4) corotation and composition of the plasma in the dayside magnetosphere; and (5) plasma sheet crossings observed on the inbound and outbound passes. From the planetary spin modulation of the plasma-electron intensity it is inferred that the plasma sheet is centered at the dipole magnetic equator out to a distance of 40-50 Jupiter radii and deviates from it toward the rotational equator at larger distances.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 23
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  • 10
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    Structure and properties of Jupiter's magnetoplasmadisc (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Voyager 1 plasma-wave observations have revealed the existence of an earthlike continuum radiation trapped in Jupiter's magnetospheric cavity at frequencies below the solar-wind plasma frequency. This radiation serves as an accurate diagnostic of the local electron number density throughout most of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere and yields information regarding the gross configuration of the magnetoplasmadisk as well as its kinematical properties. Magnetic-field observations are used to construct radial profiles of plasma pressure, density, and temperature from 20-80 Jupiter radii in the early-morning plasma sheet, along with plasma-sheet crossings and estimated thicknesses. The study suggests that hot protons (about 10 keV) are the dominant constituents of the plasma sheet (average thickness about 4.2 Jupiter radii) out to 80 Jupiter radii, beyond which centrifugal effects take over and distort the sheet toward the rotational equator.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Oct. 197
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