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  • 1
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify cyclophosphamide metabolites present in blood of mice. Blood was removed 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after intraperitoneal administration and extracted with chloroform followed by methanol. Thin-layer chromatography of the two extracts and the residual solid with or without prior methylation, collection of resulting alkylating components, determination of radioactivity and mass spectral analysis, served to identify cyclophosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, alcophosphamide, N-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide, carboxyphosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. The absence of detectable levels of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide or aldophosphamide in the blood of cyclophosphamide-treated mice suggests that cyclophosphamide is converted rapidly in the liver to carboxyphosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. Direct administration of synthetic 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to mice and extraction of blood with chloroform demonstrated the recovery of this metabolite in vivo. Analysis of extracts of blood from mice treated with phosphoramide mustard indicated the presence of nor-HN2, 3-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and unchanged drug. Consideration of blood levels, cytotoxicity and alkylating activity of metabolites identified in, or inferred from, this study, implicates phosphoramide mustard as a leading candidate for the biologically active form of cyclophosphamide.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 311-316 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of starch graft copolymers and one cellulose graft copolymer were prepared containing 40-50 percent synthetic polymer. The monomers used (styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate) were chosen to give grafted synthetic polymers with varying glass transition temperatures (Tg). These graft copolymers were extruded, in the absence of any added thermoplastic homopolymer, to give strong, continuous polysaccharide-filled plastics which are biodegradable and which exhibit little or no die swell. Properties of plastics varied with the Tg of the thermoplastic portion. Starch-g-polystyrene and starch-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) were hard and brittle, while graft copolymers prepared from methyl and butyl acrylate were more flexible and leathery. The graft Uopolymers with lower Tg grafts required less torque and could be extruded at lower temperatures. In the methyl acrylate series, a graft copolymer prepared from gelatinized starch was more easily extruded than one prepared from granular starch, and addition of water produced a water-filled extrudate of excellent quality. The surprising feature of these results is that the matrix polymers, starch and cellulose, are rigid, nonsoftening materials. Grafting of a thermoplastic polymer to these matrix polymers would not be expected to give an extrudable product. The results are explained as powder flow followed by fusion or sintering of the graft polymers under the temperature and pressure conditions in the die.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 777-787 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of isotactic and syndiotactic 1,4-polypentadienes with a cis content of at least 70%-75% using i-Bu2AlH/Ti(i-OPr)4 and AlEtCl2/thiophene/Co(acetylacetonate)2 catalysts, respectively, is reported. Physical characterization of the vulcanizates, prepared by a common recipe, involving infrared analysis, DTA, simple stress-strain and swelling measurements, and dynamic mechanical measurements over a frequency range of 2 decades and temperature range of -60°C to +20°C indicated that no isomerization had taken place during vulcanization and that stereoregularity of the polymer chains affected the resultant cure: the isotactic form was found to have a greater crosslink density than the syndiotactic form. Master curves covering an extended frequency range were constructed from the reduced dynamic mechanical data and the calculated quantities - thermal expansion coefficients of free volume and the fractional free volumes at the glass transition temperatures - agree with the accepted values. Glass transition temperatures of the isotactic and syndiotactic polymers are -37°C and -42°C, respectively, and for their vulcanizates, -33°C and -40°C, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1855-1868 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made of the composition and properties of the different rubber vulcanizate networks obtained by varying the ratio of sulfur to sulfenamide accelerator and by the thermal aging of vulcanizates containing predominantly polysulfide crosslinks. It is concluded that the changes in network structure which can take place, for example, during the service life of natural rubber tires are not the direct cause of failures of the type associated with rubber fatigue at high temperatures. However, a reduction in the total number of crosslinks can accelerate failure by increasing the amount of heat generated during flexing. More stable networks giving improved resistance to fatigue at high operating temperatures are obtained by the use of higher ratios of accelerator to sulfur than are conventionally employed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2965-2974 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of an aqueous environment on the tensile properties of Kapton polyimide film has been investigated. Immersion of specimens in distilled water at 25° to 100°C for time periods ranging from one hour to several hundred hours resulted in a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength of the polymer from 23 ksi to approximately 14 ksi, and a corresponding decrease in elongation to failure from 38% to approximately 5%. The kinetics of this decrease in mechanical properties are second order and yield an activation energy of approximately 15.6 kcal/mole. The reaction is slightly dependent on pH in the range 2.0 to 12.0, but is highly dependent on the pH in the range 0.4 to 2.0. The decrease in mechanical properties at pH 2.0 to 6.0 appears to be due to hydrolysis of either uncyclized amic acid linkages or diamide functional groups present in the polyimide, whereas that at pH below 2.0 is probably the result of hydrolysis of both imide and amide bonds. Prolonged reflux of the polyimide in water resulted in the extraction of a water-soluble, amide-containing material.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The title monomer (I) has been graft polymerized onto whole wheat starch with both ceric ammonium nitrate and ferrous ammonium sulfate-hydrogen peroxide initiation. Three graft copolymers, which contained 4.5, 12.1, and 15.2% grafted poly(I), were characterized as to molecular weight of grafted branches and grafting frequency. Graft polymerization was proved by fractional precipitation. Graft copolymers were tested as flocculating agents for diatomaceous silica and nonmagnetic iron ore. The graft copolymers with 12.1 and 15.2% grafted poly(I) compared favorably in flocculating ability with a commercial high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 2835-2845 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of acrylamide and the nitric acid salt of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA·HNO3) have been graft polymerized onto unmodified wheat starch with ferrous ammonium sulfate-hydrogen peroxide initiation. Graft polymerizations were carried out with both unswollen starch granules and granules that had been swollen by heating in water to 60°C. Ungrafted synthetic polymers were removed from graft copolymers by cold-water extraction and were characterized by their M̄n and DMAEMA·HNO3 content. Graft copolymers were characterized with respect to per cent add-on, M̄n and DMAEMA·HNO3 content of grafted polymer, and grafting frequency. Ungrafted synthetic polymers contained a mole percentage of DMAEMA·HNO3 equal to or greater than that present in the initial monomer mixtures; whereas in most grafted polymers the mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 in the grafted branches was less than that in the starting monomers. At all monomer ratios examined, polymer grafted to swollen starch granules contained a higher percentage of DMAEMA·HNO3 then polymer grafted to unswollen starch. The influence of starch granule swelling on the molecular weight and frequency of grafted branches was correlated with the composition of the initial monomer mixture. It was determined that the effect of granule swelling on graft copolymer structure would be minimal when 25-30 mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 was used. In an acetonitrile-water solvent system, reactions with 20 and 50 mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 produced graft copolymers with less DMAEMA·HNO3 in grafted branches than corresponding graft polymerizations run in water. The flocculation of 3% aqueous suspensions of diatomaceous silica was examined with selected starch graft copolymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 847-854 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-insoluble starch xanthates were prepared by xanthation of highly crosslinked starches under various conditions. After isolation of the products by solvent dehydration, freeze drying, or spray drying, their properties were determined. These products were very effective in removing heavy metals from water.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 897-904 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Starch polyampholytes (xanthated starch amines) that contained either diethylaminoethyl or 2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium ether and xanthate substituents were prepared, characterized, and evaluated as wet- and dry-strength agents in paper handsheets. In aqueous solutions, these xanthated starch amines (XSA), which had degrees of substitutions (D.S.) of 0.023-0.33 amine and 0.005-0.165 xanthate, underwent intra- and interionic bonding at their isoelectric points to form soft flocculent precipitates. Properties of XSA resembled those of “complex coacervates.” Paper that was prepared from an unbleached kraft furnish treated with XSA (amine/xanthate molar ratios, from 1.5 to 4.0) had significantly stronger wet and dry strengths than paper treated with cationic starch amines typically used in commercial papermaking.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 1405-1416 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of water-insoluble anion exchange starches were prepared by the the reaction of various cationic monomers with highly crosslinked starches. These starch products contain tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium functionalities which are effective in removing chromate, dichromate, ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, molybdate, permanganate, and other heavy metal anions from industrial waste effluents. The binding capacity of these anion exchange starches is similar to that of commercial macroreticular resins.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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