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  • Articles  (54)
  • Cambridge University Press  (54)
  • 2005-2009  (25)
  • 1985-1989  (29)
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  • Articles  (54)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfred Russel Wallace; some notes on the Welsh connection (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 22 (1989), S. 401-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-0874
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Wallace became a full-time naturalist in 1848, the year when he and Bates set out on their journey to South America. Wallace was twenty-five at the time and over half of his life had been spent in various parts of Wales, the land of his birth. Commentators have tended to gloss over or ignore any formative influences from this early period of his life or even to dismiss them as non-existent. This is surprising as it was during the eight or so years in Wales leading up to 1848 that Wallace's interest in natural history emerged. ‘The importance of this early period in Wallace's life can scarcely be over-emphasized’ wrote Durant in his account of the development of the Wallace personality, but he omitted any specific reference to the significance of the early period in Wales. Those seeking a simple unitary cause for Wallace's conversion to natural history usually locate this in his visit to Leicester in 1844 and his meeting there with H. W. Bates. ‘The odyssey began ... in 1844, in Leicester’ wrote Brooks, adding that ‘the more remote parts of ... southern Wales had offered little reading material...’ This, and similar claims, are presumably founded primarily on Wallace's belief—expressed sixty years later—that it was at Leicester that he first familiarized himself with Malthus' Essay on the Principles of Population and Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels in South America. There is, however, evidence that Wallace was probably familiar with at least one of these books some time before his visit to Leicester and that it was during his period in southern Wales that his interest in natural history emerged and developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400026352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model Builders and Instrument Makers (1988)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Science in context 2 (1988), S. 59-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-8897
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ArgumentMany inventors, engineers, and scientists think in verbal images. Elmer Sperry (1860–1930), a noted American inventor, was able to “operate” in his mind's eye the machines he was developing. For inventors, engineers, and experimental scientists, visualization is often followed by construction of a physical model of the invention, which can be an experimental apparatus. The model, or apparatus, is then tested in increasingly complex environments and changes are made in the physical artifact until it is ready to be used. Examples of this process of development are Sperry's development of a ship stabilizer for the U.S. Navy and a revolving mirror to be used by Albert Michelson in the determination of the speed of light. Thomas Edison called experimentation his development of an invention through the building and testing of a series of models. So, both scientists and inventors experiment. They are not discovering the “secrets of nature”: they are observing how artifacts – their physical creations – behave. These physical models of thought reflect the characteristics of the tools with which they were made. They are socially constructed, as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700000491
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  • 3
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    Radiocarbon “Wiggles” in Great Lakes Wood at About 10,000 to 12,000 BP (2007)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-01
    Description: High-resolution radiocarbon calibration for the last 14,000 cal yr has been developed in large part using European oaks and pines. Recent subfossil wood collections from the Great Lakes region provide an opportunity to measure 14C activity in decadal series of rings in North America prior to the White Mountains bristlecone record. We developed decadal 14C series from wood at the classic Two Creeks site (∼11,850 BP) in east-central Wisconsin, the Liverpool East site (∼10,250 BP) in northwestern Indiana, and the Gribben Basin site (∼10,000 BP) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Initial AMS dates on holocellulose produced younger-than-expected ages for most Two Creeks subsamples and for a few samples from the other sites, prompting a systematic comparison of chemical pretreatment using 2 samples from each site, and employing holocellulose, AAA-treated holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and AAA-treated whole wood. The testing could not definitively reveal the source of error in the original analyses, but the “best” original ages together with new AAA-treated holocellulose and α-cellulose ages were visually fitted to the IntCal04 calibration curve at ages of 13,760–13,530 cal BP for the Two Creeks wood, 12,100–12,020 cal BP for Liverpool East, and 11,300–11,170 cal BP for Gribben Basin. The Liverpool East age falls squarely within the Younger Dryas (YD) period, whereas the Gribben Basin age appears to postdate the YD by ∼300 yr, although high scatter in the decadal Gribben Basin results could accommodate an older age nearer the end of the YD.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    Climate in the Great Lakes Region Between 14,000 and 4000 Years Ago from Isotopic Composition of Conifer Wood (2006)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Description: The isotopic composition of ancient wood has the potential to provide information about past environments. We analyzed the δ13C, δ18O, and δ2H of cellulose of conifer trees from several cross-sections at each of 9 sites around the Great Lakes region ranging from ∼4000 to 14,000 cal BP. Isotopic values of Picea, Pinus, and Thuja species seem interchangeable for δ18O and δ2H comparisons, but Thuja appears distinctly different from the other 2 in its δ13C composition. Isotopic results suggest that the 2 sites of near-Younger Dryas age experienced the coldest conditions, although the Gribben Basin site near the Laurentide ice sheet was relatively dry, whereas the Liverpool site 500 km south was moister. The spatial isotopic variability of 3 of the 4 sites of Two Creeks age shows evidence of an elevation effect, perhaps related to sites farther inland from the Lake Michigan shoreline experiencing warmer daytime growing season temperatures. Thus, despite floristic similarity across sites (wood samples at 7 of the sites being Picea), the isotopes appear to reflect environmental differences that might not be readily evident from a purely floristic interpretation of macrofossil or pollen identification.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Dynamo action in a rotating convective layer (2006)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: We study dynamo processes in a convective layer of Boussinesq fluid rotating about the vertical. Irrespective of rotation, if the magnetic Reynolds number is large enough, the convection acts as an efficient small-scale dynamo with a growth time comparable with the turnover time and capable of generating a substantial amount of magnetic energy. When the rotation is important (large Taylor number) the characteristic horizontal scale of the convection decreases and the flow develops a well-defined distribution of kinetic helicity antisymmetric about the mid-plane. We find no convincing evidence of large-scale dynamo action associated with this helicity distribution. Even when the rotation is strong, the magnetic energy at large scales remains small, and comparable with that in the non-rotating case. By externally imposing a uniform field, we measure the average electromotive force. We find this quantity to be extremely strongly fluctuating, and are able to compute the associated α-effect only after very long time averaging. In those cases for which reasonable convergence is achieved, the α-effect is small, and controlled by the magnetic diffusivity. Thus we demonstrate the existence of a system whose small-scale dynamo growth rate is turbulent, i.e. independent of diffusivity, but whose α-effect is laminar, i.e. dependent on diffusivity. The implications of these results to the problem of the generation of strong mean fields are discussed. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Shear flow and viscosity in single-layer hydraulics (2006)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-01
    Description: We calculate solutions for one-layer hydraulically controlled flows with viscosity. Viscosity and bottom drag produce two key modifications to inviscid hydraulic theory: the position of the hydraulic control point is altered, and the solution requires knowledge of the velocity profile over the entire domain. Hence, analytically tractable solutions are not generally possible and a numerical technique is developed to calculate such flows. In this paper, bottom drag and fluid viscosity are treated as independent parameters, allowing the influence of each parameter on flux, flow dissipation and position of hydraulic control to be quantified. We find that the flow is determined primarily by the bottom drag, and, surprisingly, the largest perturbation from this state occurs for intermediate values of fluid viscosity. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    A theoretical model for horizontal convection at high Rayleigh number (2007)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-22
    Description: We present a simple flow model and solution to describe 'horizontal convection' driven by a gradient of temperature or heat flux along one horizontal boundary of a rectangular box. Following laboratory observations of the steady-state convection, the model is based on a localized vertical turbulent plume from a line or point source that is located anywhere within the area of the box and that maintains a stably stratified interior. In contrast to the 'filling box' process, the convective circulation involves vertical diffusion in the interior and a stabilizing buoyancy flux distributed over the horizontal boundary. The stabilizing flux forces the density distribution to reach a steady state. The model predictions compare well with previous laboratory data and numerical solutions. In the case of a point source for the plume (the case which best mimics the localized sinking in the large-scale ocean overturning) the thermal boundary layer is much thicker than that given by the two-dimensional boundary layer scaling of H. T. Rossby (Tellus, vol. 50, 1965, p. 242). © 2007 Cambridge University Press.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Mean induction and diffusion: the influence of spatial coherence (2009)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-25
    Description: Within the same framework we calculate the mean induction of a magnetic field and the mean diffusivity of a passive scalar, for two families of flows in which the degree of spatial decorrelation can be systematically adjusted. We investigate the dependence of these quantities both on the spatial decoherence and on the molecular diffusivity. We demonstrate that for flows with similar global properties, the mean induction is dramatically reduced as the flows become less spatially correlated; the mean diffusivity, on the other hand, shows no significant or systematic variation. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    The alpha-effect in rotating convection: size matters (2007)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-14
    Description: The results of numerical simulations of convection in a rotating layer are used to compute the α-effect of mean-field electrodynamics. The computations are carried out for different system sizes. It is found that the outcomes can depend critically on the system size, and that physically meaningful results can only be obtained if the system size is large compared with the typical eddy size. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    TERRA ANTARCTICA: LOOKING INTO THE EMPTIEST CONTINENT. William L. Fox. 2005. San Antonio: Trinity University Press. xvi + 312 p, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 1-59534-015-7. $US35.00 (2006)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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