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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of electrolytic conductance standards (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 16 (1987), S. 985-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Aqueous solution ; cell constant ; conductance ; electrolytic conductivity ; potassium chloride ; primary ; resistance ; resistivity, secondary, standards, and temperature scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of aqueous electrolytic conductance are performed routinely in a variety of disciplines and industries. Conductivity is a measure of the ionic content in solution and thus has applications in pharmaceuticals, power plants, rainwater, lake surveys, and oceanography, to name a few. A thorough review of the measurement of and standards for aqueous electrolytic conductance is herein presented. At present, the most precise and accurate standards have been set forth by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), and have been adopted by most other standards organizations. However, the uncertainty assigned to these standards, especially the secondary standards, is somewhat larger than would be expected from the physical aspects of the measurement. Several changes in the units and measurement scales, including temperature, volume, molar mass, resistance, and concentration obfuscate the accuracy of these standards. In addition to the review, research is proposed, using a conductance cell with variable length, to establish new standards for aqueous electrolytic conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652583
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the absolute specific conductance of primary standard KCl solutions (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 18 (1989), S. 515-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Absolute standard ; conductivity cell ; demal ; electrolyte ; molality ; potassium chloride ; primary standard ; specific conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A determination of the absolute specific conductance of KCl solutions is demonstrated. The measurement is based on the conductance cell with a well defined geometry, having a difference in the removable center tube of accurately measured dimensions. The specific conductance of the solution is obtained from the measured resistances of the cell with and without the center tube and the measured l/A ratio of the center tube. Specific conductances obtained using the cell agree with the previously accepted standards for 0.1 demal and 0.01 demal solutions within 0.02%. Results are also presented for solutions based on molality. The temperature control, bridge, and detector technology used to obtain results of this accuracy are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic properties of DCl in D2O solution from 5 to 50°C (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 675-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Deuterium chloride ; deuterium oxide ; electrochemical cell ; emf ; enthalpy ; entropy ; free energy ; heat capacity ; isotope effect ; standard potential ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The themodynamic properties of solutions of deuterium chloride (DCl) in deuterium oxide (D2O) have been determined from emf measurements of the electrochemical cell without transference from 5 to 50°C, and from 0.002 to 1.0 mol-kg−1. The standard potential of the silver/silver chloride electrode relative to the platinum/deuterium electrode has been determined. An equation for the Gibbs energy as a function of temperature has been derived from which the enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity have been computed. Equations for the activity coefficient and the osmotic coefficient of DCl in D2O have been developed. The excess Gibbs energy of the solution and the excess partial molar free energy as a function of temperature have been calculated, from which the other excess thermodynamic properties have been computed. The values for the heat capacity and the apparent molar heat capacity have been compared with calorimetric data in the literature. The relative partial molar enthalpy has been calculated. The solvent isotope effect on the excess thermodynamic functions is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644599
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stehende Lichtwellen nach O. Wiener, elektronenmikroskopisch sichtbar gemacht (1957)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 149 (1957), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden stehende Lichtwellen nach O.Wiener im Elektronenmikroskop sichtbar gemacht. Eine gewöhnliche Glasplatte wird mit einer 1000 Å dicken Aluminiumschicht und einem ThF4-Keil bedampft. Durch Bestrahlung der Keiloberfläche mit 40 keV-Ionen bei einem Vakuum von 10−4 Torr und einer Ionenstromdichte von 10− Amp/cm2 entsteht in wenigen Sekunden eine photoelektrisch wirksame Kohlenstoff-Sonde. Dieses Präparat dient als Kathode eines Elektronen-Emissionsmikroskops von 45 kV Betriebsspannung. Durch seitliche Einstrahlung von UV-Licht auf den etwa 1 mm langen Keil bildet sich vor dem Spiegel ein Feld stehender Wellen aus. Die Bäuche werden durch intensive Photoemission sichtbar. Neun Maxima und Minima sind weit getrennt zu erkennen. Außer diesem Demonstrationsbeispiel wird ein Keil von 1400 μ Länge mit 28 genau vermessenen Stufen von je 80 Å Höhe hergestellt. Dadurch wird es möglich, Wellenlänge, Phasensprung und Intensitätsgewinn gegenüber der normalen Photoemission zu bestimmen. Der lichtelektrische Verstärkungsfaktor betrug z.B. bei Aluminium 3 und bei Gold 2,5. Ferner wird die optimale Dicke der lichtelektrischen Sonde von Gold und Aluminium, wenn sie sich im Schwingungsbauch befindet, bestimmt. Es ergab sich als optimale Dicke für Gold 10 Å und für Aluminium 40 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01333154
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein hochauflösendes Emissions-Mikroskop zur Sichtbarmachung von Oberflächen mit UV-ausgelösten Elektronen (1958)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 152 (1958), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein hochauflösendes 40 kV-Emissionsmikroskop zur Sichtbarmachung von Oberflächen mit lichtelektrisch ausgelösten Elektronen beschrieben. Während bisher in der Literatur nur elektronenoptische Vergrößerungen von etwa 50fach und einer Auflösungsgrenze von 5000 Å angeführt wurden, erreicht das vom Verfasser konstruierte Mikroskop bei einigen Substanzen 700fache elektronenoptische Vergrößerung und eine Auflösung von 1000 Å. Als Objektiv dient ein für seitlichen UV-Beschuß entwickeltes Immersionssystem nach E.Brüche und H.Johannson. Die Nachvergrößerung erfolgt durch ein elektrostatisches Projektiv. Das Endbild läßt sich durch ein Einblickfernrohr in 20facher Vergrößerung beobachten. Eine lichtstarke Quarzoptik bildet die UV-Quelle (Hg-Höchstdrucklampe) unter einem Einfallswinkel von 60° auf die Objektoberfläche ab. Um die in der Elektronenmikroskopie üblichen Verhältnisse einzuhalten, wird bei 10−4Torr gearbeitet. Eine Aufheizung der Probe auf 100° C verzögert das Aufwachsen einer Kohlenstoff-Fremdschicht und damit das Nachlassen der lichtelektrischen Emission. Von verschiedenen Metalloberflächen hoher Photoemission werden elektronenoptische Vergrößerungen bis zu 700fach bei Belichtungszeiten von etwa 30 sec erzielt. Perlitische Stahloberflächen sind in 1800facher Gesamtvergrößerung wiedergegeben. Spaltflächen von Zink-Einkristallen zeigen interessante, aber noch ungeklärte Strukturen. Legt man eine Metallsonde in den Schwingungsbauch einer stehenden Welle, so erhöht sich die Photoemission erheblich. Kurzwellige UV-Strahlung aus einer Wasserstoffentladung ergibt ebenfalls scharfe Bilder, die zwar etwas geringere Materialdifferenzierung aufweisen, sich aber durch größere Plastik auszeichnen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322001
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    77Se and125Te nuclear magnetic resonance investigations in II–VI and IV–VI compounds (1978)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 289 (1978), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The NMR signals of77Se or125Te have been measured in II–VI and IV–VI-compounds ZnSe, CdSe, HgSe, PbSe and ZnTe, CdTe, HgTe, PbTe relative to aqueous solutions of Na2SeO3 or K2TeO3. The chemical shifts of about −600 ppm for77Se and of about −2700 ppm for125Te have been compared with theoretical calculations. For77Se in hexagonal CdSe an anisotropic chemical shift has been observed and for125Te in CdTe and PbTe linesplittings have been found. The linewidths of the77Se and125Te NMR signals increase with the atomic number of the counterions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01408490
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results from DASP one + e − annihilation between 3.1 and 5.2 GeV (1979)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 1 (1979), S. 233-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes the measurements one + e − annihilation performed by the DASP Collaboration in the energy range between 3.1 and 5.2 GeV. The following topics are covered: total cross section, production and two body decays of the narrow resonances, radiative decays of theJ/ψ and ψ′ resonances and evidence for theX(2.82), ψ′ cascade decays, inclusive η production and evidence for theF meson, semileptonic decays of charmed mesons and properties of the heavy lepton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01440224
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Versuche zur Frage der behinderten Glimmentladung (1931)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 19 (1931), S. 826-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01520624
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Überchlorsäure (1933)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 91 (1933), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354947
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lösungsmittel (1933)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 95 (1933), S. 292-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01368451
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