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  • Articles  (12)
  • Mice  (11)
  • 65G05
  • AMS(MOS): Primary 65F05
  • 2005-2009  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
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  • Articles  (12)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2008-07-11
    Description: Structured RNAs embedded in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of messenger RNAs can regulate gene expression. In bacteria, control of a metabolite gene is mediated by the self-cleaving activity of a ribozyme embedded in its 5' UTR. This discovery has raised the question of whether gene-regulating ribozymes also exist in eukaryotic mRNAs. Here we show that highly active hammerhead ribozymes are present in the 3' UTRs of rodent C-type lectin type II (Clec2) genes. Using a hammerhead RNA motif search with relaxed delimitation of the non-conserved regions, we detected ribozyme sequences in which the invariant regions, in contrast to the previously identified continuous hammerheads, occur as two fragments separated by hundreds of nucleotides. Notably, a fragment pair can assemble to form an active hammerhead ribozyme structure between the translation termination and the polyadenylation signals within the 3' UTR. We demonstrate that this hammerhead structure can self-cleave both in vitro and in vivo, and is able to reduce protein expression in mouse cells. These results indicate that an unrecognized mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation involving association of discontinuous ribozyme sequences within an mRNA may be modulating the expression of several CLEC2 proteins that function in bone remodelling and the immune response of several mammals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612532/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612532/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martick, Monika -- Horan, Lucas H -- Noller, Harry F -- Scott, William G -- R01 AI043393/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI043393-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087721/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01043393/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):899-902. doi: 10.1038/nature07117. Epub 2008 Jul 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. mmartick@yahoo.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics ; Animals ; Down-Regulation ; Lectins, C-Type/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Catalytic/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2009-06-16
    Description: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is as prevalent as cancer in industrialized nations. Most blindness in AMD results from invasion of the retina by choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Here we show that the eosinophil/mast cell chemokine receptor CCR3 is specifically expressed in choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in humans with AMD, and that despite the expression of its ligands eotaxin-1, -2 and -3, neither eosinophils nor mast cells are present in human CNV. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of CCR3 or eotaxins inhibited injury-induced CNV in mice. CNV suppression by CCR3 blockade was due to direct inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, and was uncoupled from inflammation because it occurred in mice lacking eosinophils or mast cells, and was independent of macrophage and neutrophil recruitment. CCR3 blockade was more effective at reducing CNV than vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) neutralization, which is in clinical use at present, and, unlike VEGF-A blockade, is not toxic to the mouse retina. In vivo imaging with CCR3-targeting quantum dots located spontaneous CNV invisible to standard fluorescein angiography in mice before retinal invasion. CCR3 targeting might reduce vision loss due to AMD through early detection and therapeutic angioinhibition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712122/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712122/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Atsunobu -- Baffi, Judit Z -- Kleinman, Mark E -- Cho, Won Gil -- Nozaki, Miho -- Yamada, Kiyoshi -- Kaneko, Hiroki -- Albuquerque, Romulo J C -- Dridi, Sami -- Saito, Kuniharu -- Raisler, Brian J -- Budd, Steven J -- Geisen, Pete -- Munitz, Ariel -- Ambati, Balamurali K -- Green, Martha G -- Ishibashi, Tatsuro -- Wright, John D -- Humbles, Alison A -- Gerard, Craig J -- Ogura, Yuichiro -- Pan, Yuzhen -- Smith, Justine R -- Grisanti, Salvatore -- Hartnett, M Elizabeth -- Rothenberg, Marc E -- Ambati, Jayakrishna -- AI039759/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45898/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK076893/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- EY010572/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY015130/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY015422/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY017011/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY017182/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY017950/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY018350/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY018836/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK076893/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015422/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015422-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018350/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018350-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018836/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018836-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 9;460(7252):225-30. doi: 10.1038/nature08151. Epub 2009 Jun 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CCL11/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Chemokine CCL24/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Choroid/blood supply/cytology/metabolism ; Choroidal Neovascularization/diagnosis/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Ligands ; Macular Degeneration/*diagnosis/metabolism/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Quantum Dots ; Receptors, CCR3/analysis/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Retina/drug effects/pathology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1990-04-06
    Description: The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) can efficiently couple with mitogenic signaling pathways when it is transfected into interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent 32D hematopoietic cells. When expression vectors for erbB-2, which is structurally related to EGFR, or its truncated counterpart, delta NerbB-2, were introduced into 32D cells, neither was capable of inducing proliferation. This was despite overexpression and constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of their products at levels associated with potent transformation of fibroblast target cells. Thus, EGFR and erbB-2 couple with distinct mitogenic signaling pathways. The region responsible for the specificity of intracellular signal transduction was localized to a 270-amino acid stretch encompassing their respective tyrosine kinase domains. Thus, tissue- or cell-specific regulation of growth factor receptor signaling can occur at a point after the initial interaction of growth factor with receptor. Such specificity in signal transduction may account for the selection of certain oncogenes in some malignancies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Fiore, P P -- Segatto, O -- Taylor, W G -- Aaronson, S A -- Pierce, J H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):79-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2181668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; DNA/genetics ; DNA, Recombinant ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Immunoblotting ; Mice ; *Mitogens ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Cells must amplify external signals to orient and migrate in chemotactic gradient fields. We find that human neutrophils release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the leading edge of the cell surface to amplify chemotactic signals and direct cell orientation by feedback through P2Y2 nucleotide receptors. Neutrophils rapidly hydrolyze released ATP to adenosine that then acts via A3-type adenosine receptors, which are recruited to the leading edge, to promote cell migration. Thus, ATP release and autocrine feedback through P2Y2 and A3 receptors provide signal amplification, controlling gradient sensing and migration of neutrophils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Yu -- Corriden, Ross -- Inoue, Yoshiaki -- Yip, Linda -- Hashiguchi, Naoyuki -- Zinkernagel, Annelies -- Nizet, Victor -- Insel, Paul A -- Junger, Wolfgang G -- GM-60475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-66232/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- PR043034/PR/OCPHP CDC HHS/ -- R01 GM-51477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1792-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists ; Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Autocrine Communication ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects ; Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neutrophils/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists ; Receptor, Adenosine A3/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2 ; Signal Transduction ; Suramin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guntheroth, Warren G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):856-7; author reply 856-7. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5903.856.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/metabolism ; Bradycardia ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Infant ; Mice ; Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism ; Serotonin/*metabolism ; Sudden Infant Death/*etiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-09-06
    Description: Alloimmune mice (mice that have been exposed to cells from another murine strain) were shown to make antibodies against gp120 and p24 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and mice of the autoimmune strains MRL-lpr/lpr and MRL-(+)/+ made antibodies against gp120. This is surprising because the mice were not exposed to HIV. Furthermore, anti-anti-MHC antibodies (molecules that have shapes similar to those of major histocompatibility complex molecules) were detected in both alloimmune sera and MRL mice. These results are discussed in the context of a possible role for allogeneic stimuli in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, as suggested by an idiotypic network model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kion, T A -- Hoffmann, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 6;253(5024):1138-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1909456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; *Antibody Formation ; Autoimmune Diseases/genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gene Products, gag/*immunology ; HIV Antibodies/*biosynthesis ; HIV Antigens/*immunology ; HIV Core Protein p24 ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*immunology ; Isoantibodies/*biosynthesis ; *Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Viral Core Proteins/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1991-06-28
    Description: Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness, evades the host immune response through the process of antigenic variation. The variant antigen, known as the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), is anchored to the cell surface by a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) structure that contains myristate (n-tetradecanoate) as its only fatty acid component. The utilization of heteroatom-containing analogs of myristate was studied both in a cell-free system and in vivo. Results indicated that the specificity of fatty acid incorporation depends on chain length rather than on hydrophobicity. One analog, 10-(propoxy)decanoic acid, was highly toxic to trypanosomes in culture although it is nontoxic to mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doering, T L -- Raper, J -- Buxbaum, L U -- Adams, S P -- Gordon, J I -- Hart, G W -- Englund, P T -- 5T32GM07309/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- AI21334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI27179/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 28;252(5014):1851-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1829548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell-Free System ; Glycolipids/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Myristic Acid ; Myristic Acids/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-11-03
    Description: During pregnancy, maternal pancreatic islets grow to match dynamic physiological demands, but the mechanisms regulating adaptive islet growth in this setting are poorly understood. Here we show that menin, a protein previously characterized as an endocrine tumor suppressor and transcriptional regulator, controls islet growth in pregnant mice. Pregnancy stimulated proliferation of maternal pancreatic islet beta-cells that was accompanied by reduced islet levels of menin and its targets. Transgenic expression of menin in maternal beta-cells prevented islet expansion and led to hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, hallmark features of gestational diabetes. Prolactin, a hormonal regulator of pregnancy, repressed islet menin levels and stimulated beta-cell proliferation. These results expand our understanding of mechanisms underlying diabetes pathogenesis and reveal potential targets for therapy in diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karnik, Satyajit K -- Chen, Hainan -- McLean, Graeme W -- Heit, Jeremy J -- Gu, Xueying -- Zhang, Andrew Y -- Fontaine, Magali -- Yen, Michael H -- Kim, Seung K -- T32DK007217-32/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 2;318(5851):806-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Diabetes, Gestational/*etiology/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Obesity/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Prolactin/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1994-10-07
    Description: In this study, a protein that interacts with sequences encoded by the first exon of the protein kinase Bcr was cloned. The Bcr-associated protein 1 (Bap-1) is a member of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. Bap-1 interacts with full-length c-Bcr and with the chimeric Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive human leukemias. Bap-1 is a substrate for the Bcr serine-threonine kinase and is also phosphorylated on tyrosine by Bcr-Abl but not by c-Abl. Bap-1 may function in the regulation of c-Bcr and may contribute to the transforming activity of Bcr-Abl in vivo. 14-3-3 proteins are essential for cell proliferation and have a role in determining the timing of mitosis in yeast. Through direct binding to sequences present in Bcr and in other proteins implicated in signaling, the mammalian 14-3-3 proteins may link specific signaling protein components to mitogenic and cell-cycle control pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reuther, G W -- Fu, H -- Cripe, L D -- Collier, R J -- Pendergast, A M -- CA61033/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK01965/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM07184/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 7;266(5182):129-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: A synthetic combinatorial library containing 52,128,400 D-amino acid hexapeptides was used to identify a ligand for the mu opioid receptor. The peptide, Ac-rfwink-NH2, bears no resemblance to any known opioid peptide. Simulations using molecular dynamics, however, showed that three amino acid moieties have the same spatial orientation as the corresponding pharmacophoric groups of the opioid peptide PLO17. Ac-rfwink-NH2 was shown to be a potent agonist at the mu receptor and induced long-lasting analgesia in mice. Analgesia produced by intraperitoneally administered Ac-rfwink-NH2 was blocked by intracerebroventricular administration of naloxone, demonstrating that this peptide may cross the blood-brain barrier.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dooley, C T -- Chung, N N -- Wilkes, B C -- Schiller, P W -- Bidlack, J M -- Pasternak, G W -- Houghten, R A -- DA-000138/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-02615/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-03742/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2019-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Analgesics/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endorphins/pharmacology ; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- ; Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)- ; Enkephalins/metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Naloxone/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Opioid Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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