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  • 1
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    Lethargus is a Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like state (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: There are fundamental similarities between sleep in mammals and quiescence in the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that sleep-like states are evolutionarily ancient. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also has a quiescent behavioural state during a period called lethargus, which occurs before each of the four moults. Like sleep, lethargus maintains a constant temporal relationship with the expression of the C. elegans Period homologue LIN-42 (ref. 5). Here we show that quiescence associated with lethargus has the additional sleep-like properties of reversibility, reduced responsiveness and homeostasis. We identify the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) gene egl-4 as a regulator of sleep-like behaviour, and show that egl-4 functions in sensory neurons to promote the C. elegans sleep-like state. Conserved effects on sleep-like behaviour of homologous genes in C. elegans and Drosophila suggest a common genetic regulation of sleep-like states in arthropods and nematodes. Our results indicate that C. elegans is a suitable model system for the study of sleep regulation. The association of this C. elegans sleep-like state with developmental changes that occur with larval moults suggests that sleep may have evolved to allow for developmental changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raizen, David M -- Zimmerman, John E -- Maycock, Matthew H -- Ta, Uyen D -- You, Young-jai -- Sundaram, Meera V -- Pack, Allan I -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):569-72. doi: 10.1038/nature06535. Epub 2008 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. raizen@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arousal/genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/physiology ; Homeostasis/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Lethargy ; Molting/physiology ; Sleep/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Differential lysosomal proteolysis in antigen-presenting cells determines antigen fate (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-12
    Description: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) internalize antigens and present antigen-derived peptides to T cells. Although APCs have been thought to exhibit a well-developed capacity for lysosomal proteolysis, here we found that they can exhibit two distinct strategies upon antigen encounter. Whereas macrophages contained high levels of lysosomal proteases and rapidly degraded internalized proteins, dendritic cells (DCs) and B lymphocytes were protease-poor, resulting in a limited capacity for lysosomal degradation. Consistent with these findings, DCs in vivo degraded internalized antigens slowly and thus retained antigen in lymphoid organs for extended periods. Limited lysosomal proteolysis also favored antigen presentation. These results help explain why DCs are able to efficiently accumulate, process, and disseminate antigens and microbes systemically for purposes of tolerance and immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delamarre, Lelia -- Pack, Margit -- Chang, Henry -- Mellman, Ira -- Trombetta, E Sergio -- R37-AI34098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 11;307(5715):1630-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Department of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Post Office Box 208002, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*enzymology/*immunology/metabolism ; Antigens/*metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells/*enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Horseradish Peroxidase/immunology/metabolism ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/enzymology/immunology ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; Lysosomes/*enzymology/ultrastructure ; Macrophages/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/immunology/metabolism ; Ribonucleases/immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PKa of cytosine on the third strand of triplex DNA: Preliminary Poisson-Boltzmann calculations (1998)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 70 (1998), S. 1177-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: pKa shift ; acid dissociation constant ; triple helix ; dielectric constant ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The energetics of formation of a triple-helical structure in homopurine-homopyrimidine mixtures has been modeled using Poisson-Boltzmann calculations. Oligomers with the sequence d(TC)n and d(AG)n form hydrogen-bonded triple-helical structures of the form d(TC)n⋅d(AG)n⋅d(TC+)n. The third base, a pyrimidine in this case, forms Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds with the purine, requiring that the cytosine residues of the third strand protonate at N3. The pKa of cytosine, 4.3 in the isolated solvated molecule, is raised by the strong electrostatic field in the triple helix. We have done calculations of the effective pKa of this cytosine and compared the results with experimental studies of triple-helix formation as a function of pH. This provides a test of various models of the dielectric constant for triplex DNA and its local environment.   © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 70: 1177-1184, 1998
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metall-induzierte Dispersion von Lipid-Aggregaten; ein einfacher, selektiver und empfindlicher Fluoreszenzsensor für Metall-IonenDiese Arbeit wurde vom Office of Naval Research (N00014-92-J-1178) und von der National Science Foundation (BCS-9108502) gefördert. F. H. A. dankt für einen NSF-PYI-Award und für ein David-and-Lucile-Packard-Stipendium. D. R. S. wird mit einem Promotionsstipendium vom National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Sciences Program, gefördert, D. W. P. ist Landau Fellow. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 107 (1995), S. 994-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Fluoreszenzsensoren ; Lipide ; Metall-Ionen-Nachweis ; Vesikel ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19951070819
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local dielectric constants and Poisson-Boltzmann calculations of DNA counterion distributions (1997)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 65 (1997), S. 1087-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent work by the authors on the calculation of local solvent dielectric constants around polyelectrolytes using the Poisson-Boltzmann approach is analyzed in terms of the effect on surface potentials and counterion concentrations. Polyelectrolyte surface geometry, local electric fields, and counterion distributions contribute to the self-consistent prediction of local solvent dielectric constants. For an all-atom cell model of DNA with added monovalent salt varying from 0 to 0.5M, the Poisson-Boltzmann-determined electrostatic potential increases (negatively) by 50-100% upon the inclusion of local dielectric constants. This, in turn, implies that hydronium ion concentrations in the major and minor grooves increase by about 0.65 and 0.35 pH units, respectively. While counterion concentrations in the major groove change only slightly, those in the minor groove increase by 60-90%. It is also noted that while the local dielectric constant in the major groove monotonically increases away from the surface toward the bulk value of water the dielectric constant in the minor groove has a minimum about 2 Å from the surface due primarily to the local electric field. Certain other properties, such as ionic and dipole first passage times, are affected little by local dielectric constants (less than about 3%).   © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65: 1087-1093, 1997
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal-Induced Dispersion of Lipid Aggregates: A Simple, Selective, and Sensitive Fluorescent Metal Ion SensorThis research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-92-J-1178) and the National Science Foundation (BCS-9108502). F. H. A. acknowledges an NSF PYI Award and a David and Lucile Packard Fellowship. D. R. S. is supported by a predoctoral training fellowship from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Pharmacology Sciences Program. D. W. P. is a Landau Fellow. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (1995), S. 905-907 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: fluorescent sensors ; lipids ; metal ion analysis ; vesicles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199509051
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