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  • Other Sources  (4)
  • 2005-2009  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (1)
  • 1990-1994  (1)
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  • 1
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    The Effect of Rain on Air-Water Gas Exchange (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: The relationship between gas transfer velocity and rain rate was investigated at NASA's Rain-Sea Interaction Facility (RSIF) using several SF, evasion experiments. During each experiment, a water tank below the rain simulator was supersaturated with SF6, a synthetic gas, and the gas transfer velocities were calculated from the measured decrease in SF6 concentration with time. The results from experiments with IS different rain rates (7 to 10 mm/h) and 1 of 2 drop sizes (2.8 or 4.2 mm diameter) confirm a significant and systematic enhancement of air-water gas exchange by rainfall. The gas transfer velocities derived from our experiment were related to the kinetic energy flux calculated from the rain rate and drop size. The relationship obtained for mono-dropsize rain at the RSIF was extrapolated to natural rain using the kinetic energy flux of natural rain calculated from the Marshall-Palmer raindrop size distribution. Results of laboratory experiments at RSIF were compared to field observations made during a tropical rainstorm in Miami, Florida and show good agreement between laboratory and field data.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Research Publications; 35-36
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Gas exchange on Mono Lake and Crowley Lake, California (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Gas exchange coefficients (k) have been determined for freshwater Crowley Lake and saline Mono Lake through the use of a man-made purposefully injected gas, SF6. The concentration decreased from an initial value of 40 to 4 pmol/L for Mono Lake and from 20 to 1 pmol/L for Crowley lake over a period of 6 wks. Wind-speed (u) records from anemometers on the shore of each lake made it possible to determine the relationship between k and u. The average u and k values for the experiment were identical for the two lakes, despite the large chemical differences. It is estimated that, for the u values observed over Mono Lake from July to December 1984, the exchange of CO2 occurred 2.5 times faster than without chemical enhancement. This is a factor of 4 lower than needed to explain the high invasion rate of C-14 produced by nuclear bomb tests.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14567-14
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A quadratic dependence of gas exchange on wind speed is employed to analyze the relationship between gas transfer and wind speed with particular emphasizing variable and/or low wind speeds. The quadratic dependence is fit through gas-transfer velocities over the ocean determined by methods based on the natural C-14 disequilibrium and the bomb C-14 inventory. The variation in the CO2 levels is related to these mechanisms, but the results show that other causes play significant roles. A weaker dependence of gas transfer on wind is suggested for steady winds, and long-term averaged winds demonstrate a stronger dependence in the present model. The chemical enhancement of CO2 exchange is also shown to play a role by increasing CO2 fluxes at low wind speeds.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; C5 M
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    CO2 fluxes in the sub-tropical and sub-arctic North Atlantic based on measurements from a Volunteer Observing Ship (2006)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111 . C06024.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-19
    Description: Surface seawater pCO2 and related parameters were measured at high frequency onboard the volunteer observing ship M/V Falstaff in the North Atlantic Ocean between 36° and 52°N. Over 90,000 data points were used to produce monthly CO2 fluxes for 2002/2003. The air-sea CO2 fluxes calculated by two different averaging schemes were compared. The first approach used gas transfer velocity determined from wind speed retrieved at the location of the ship and called colocated winds, while for the second approach a monthly averaged gas transfer velocity was calculated from the wind for each grid pixel including the variability in wind. The colocated wind speeds determined during the time of passage do not capture the monthly wind speed variability of the grid resulting in fluxes that were 47% lower than fluxes using the monthly averaged wind products. The Falstaff CO2 fluxes were in good agreement with a climatology using averaged winds. Over the entire region they differed by 2–5%, depending on the time-dependent correction scheme to account for the atmospheric in increase in pCO2. However, locally the flux differences between the ship measurements and the climatology were greater, especially in regions north of 45°N, like the eastern sector. A comparison of two wind speed products showed that the annual CO2 sink is 4% less when using 6 hourly NCEP/NCAR wind speeds compared to the QuikSCAT wind speed data.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    PAPER (OCEANREP)
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