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  • 1
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    Reactive nanostructured membranes for water purification [Environmental Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-25
    Description: Many current treatments for the reclamation of contaminated water sources are chemical-intensive, energy-intensive, and/or require posttreatment due to unwanted by-product formation. We demonstrate that through the integration of nanostructured materials, enzymatic catalysis, and iron-catalyzed free radical reactions within pore-functionalized synthetic membrane platforms, we are able to conduct environmentally important oxidative reactions for toxic organic degradation and detoxification from water without the addition of expensive or harmful chemicals. In contrast to conventional, passive membrane technologies, our approach utilizes two independently controlled, nanostructured membranes in a stacked configuration for the generation of the necessary oxidants. These include biocatalytic and organic/inorganic (polymer/iron) nanocomposite membranes. The bioactive (top) membrane contains an electrostatically immobilized enzyme for the catalytic production of one of the main reactants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), from glucose. The bottom membrane contains either immobilized iron ions or ferrihydrite/iron oxide nanoparticles for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form powerful free radical oxidants. By permeating (at low pressure) a solution containing a model organic contaminant, such as trichlorophenol, with glucose in oxygen-saturated water through the membrane stack, significant contaminant degradation was realized. To illustrate the effectiveness of this membrane platform in real-world applications, membrane-immobilized ferrihydrite/iron oxide nanoparticles were reacted with hydrogen peroxide to form free radicals for the degradation of a chlorinated organic contaminant in actual groundwater. Although we establish the development of these nanostructured materials for environmental applications, the practical and methodological advances demonstrated here permit the extension of their use to applications including disinfection and/or virus inactivation.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    A dimorphic pheromone circuit in Drosophila from sensory input to descending output (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-03
    Description: Drosophila show innate olfactory-driven behaviours that are observed in naive animals without previous learning or experience, suggesting that the neural circuits that mediate these behaviours are genetically programmed. Despite the numerical simplicity of the fly nervous system, features of the anatomical organization of the fly brain often confound the delineation of these circuits. Here we identify a neural circuit responsive to cVA, a pheromone that elicits sexually dimorphic behaviours. We have combined neural tracing using an improved photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) with electrophysiology, optical imaging and laser-mediated microlesioning to map this circuit from the activation of sensory neurons in the antennae to the excitation of descending neurons in the ventral nerve cord. This circuit is concise and minimally comprises four neurons, connected by three synapses. Three of these neurons are overtly dimorphic and identify a male-specific neuropil that integrates inputs from multiple sensory systems and sends outputs to the ventral nerve cord. This neural pathway suggests a means by which a single pheromone can elicit different behaviours in the two sexes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruta, Vanessa -- Datta, Sandeep Robert -- Vasconcelos, Maria Luisa -- Freeland, Jessica -- Looger, Loren L -- Axel, Richard -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 2;468(7324):686-90. doi: 10.1038/nature09554.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/cytology/drug effects/innervation ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*drug effects ; Female ; Male ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques ; Odors ; Oleic Acids/pharmacology ; Olfactory Pathways/cytology/*drug effects ; Olfactory Perception/drug effects/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Physical Stimulation ; Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects/physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical centres (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-01
    Description: Sensory information is transmitted to the brain where it must be processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate behavioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory bulb. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is transformed in higher olfactory centres in mice. We have developed a tracing strategy to define the neural circuits that convey information from individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex and the cortical amygdala. The spatial order in the bulb is discarded in the piriform cortex; axons from individual glomeruli project diffusely to the piriform without apparent spatial preference. In the cortical amygdala, we observe broad patches of projections that are spatially stereotyped for individual glomeruli. These projections to the amygdala are overlapping and afford the opportunity for spatially localized integration of information from multiple glomeruli. The identification of a distributive pattern of projections to the piriform and stereotyped projections to the amygdala provides an anatomical context for the generation of learned and innate behaviours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354569/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354569/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sosulski, Dara L -- Bloom, Maria Lissitsyna -- Cutforth, Tyler -- Axel, Richard -- Datta, Sandeep Robert -- DP2 OD007109/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD007109-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2-OD-007109/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC011558/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007430/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 14;472(7342):213-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09868. Epub 2011 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Mice ; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/*anatomy & histology/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-20
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey [Chemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-06
    Description: Predator–prey relationships provide a classic paradigm for the study of innate animal behavior. Odors from carnivores elicit stereotyped fear and avoidance responses in rodents, although sensory mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we identified a chemical produced by predators that activates a mouse olfactory receptor and produces an innate behavioral response. We purified this predator cue from bobcat urine and identified it to be a biogenic amine, 2-phenylethylamine. Quantitative HPLC analysis across 38 mammalian species indicates enriched 2-phenylethylamine production by numerous carnivores, with some producing 〉3,000-fold more than herbivores examined. Calcium imaging of neuronal responses in mouse olfactory tissue slices identified dispersed carnivore odor-selective sensory neurons that also responded to 2-phenylethylamine. Two prey species, rat and mouse, avoid a 2-phenylethylamine odor source, and loss-of-function studies involving enzymatic depletion of 2-phenylethylamine from a carnivore odor indicate it to be required for full avoidance behavior. Thus, rodent olfactory sensory neurons and chemosensory receptors have the capacity for recognizing interspecies odors. One such cue, carnivore-derived 2-phenylethylamine, is a key component of a predator odor blend that triggers hard-wired aversion circuits in the rodent brain. These data show how a single, volatile chemical detected in the environment can drive an elaborate danger-associated behavioral response in mammals.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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