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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent phylogenetic investigations have confirmed that hemichordates and echinoderms are sister taxa. However, hemichordates share several cardinal characterstics with chordates and are thus an important taxon for testing hypotheses of homology between key chordate characters and their putative hemichordate antecedents. The chordate dorsal nervous system (DNS) and endostyle are intriguing characters because both hemichordate larval and adult structures have been hypothesized as homologues. This study attempts to test these purported homologies through examination of the expression pattem of a Ptychodera flava NK2 gene, PfNK2.1, because this gene is expressed both in the DNS and endostyle/thyroid in a wide range of chordate taxa. We found that PfNK2.1 is expressed in both neuronal and pharyngeal structures, but its expression pattem is broken up into distinct embryonic and juvenile phases. During embryogenesis, PfNK2.1 is expressed in the apical ectoderm, with transcripts later detected in presumable neuronal structures, including the apical organ and ciliated feeding band. In the developing juvenile we detected PfNK2.1 signal throughout the pharynx, including the stomochord, and later in the hindgut. We conclude that the similar utilization of NK2.1 in apical organ development and chordate DNS is probably due to a more general role for NK2.1 in neurogenesis and that hemichordates do not possess a homologue of the chordate DNS. In addition, we conclude that P. flava most likely does not possess a true endostyle; rather during the evolution of the endostyle NK2.1 was recruited from its more general role in pharynx development.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Evolution & development (ISSN 1520-541X); Volume 4; 6; 405-17
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Seventy-seven extragalactic radio sources north of -2 deg declination have been observed using Mark III VLBI during 13 experiments from 1988 October to 1989 November. Radio positions derived from these observations supplement an ongoing project to define and maintain an all-sky radio/optical reference frame of 400 or more extragalactic sources with milliarcsecond (mas) accurate radio and optical positions. Positions for 11 new sources are presented along with improved positions for 54 sources already in the reference-frame catalog. An additional five sources have been determined to be unsuitable reference-frame objects. Observations of seven calibration sources tie the new positions to the existing catalog. The radio positions of the new sources have formal mean errors of about 0.7 mas in each coordinate. Sources for which improved positions are reported now have formal errors not greater than 1 mas, an improvement in some cases by as much as 85 percent. The complementary optical program is addressed briefly.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 104; 2, Au
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A temperature profile in 1.3 mm radiation with about 300 km resolution at the sun was obtained during the total eclipse of 1991. The observations indicate that spicules reach a temperature of 8000 K at 3000-4000 km above the photosphere. This temperature is lower than those of many spicule models.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 358; 6384,; 308-310
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: We describe the modeling and subsequent improvements of SIS waveguide mixers for the 200-270 and 330-370 GHz bands (Blundell, Carter, and Gundlach 1988, Carter et al 1991). These mixers are constructed for use in receivers on IRAM radiotelescopes on Pico Veleta (Spain, Sierra Nevada) and Plateau de Bure (French Alps), and must meet specific requirements. The standard reduced height waveguide structure with suspended stripline is first analyzed and a model is validated through comparison with scale model and working scale measurements. In the first step, the intrinsic limitations of the standard mixer structure are identified, and the parameters are optimized bearing in mind the radioastronomical applications. In the second step, inductive tuning of the junctions is introduced and optimized for minimum noise and maximum bandwidth. In the 1.3 mm band, a DSB receiver temperature of less than 110 K (minimum 80 K) is measured from 180 through 260 GHz. In the 0.8 mm band, a DSB receiver temperature of less than 250 K (minimum 175 K) is obtained between 325 and 355 GHz. All these results are obtained with room-temperature optics and a 4 GHz IF chain having a 500 MHz bandwidth and a noise temperature of 14 K.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Michigan Univ., The Third International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology: Symposium Proceedings; p 244-250
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Diuretic effect of acetylcholine in chicken
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This report covers the activities of the NEOS Operation Center at USNO for 2012. The Operation Center schedules the IVS-R4 and the INT1 Intensive experiments.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing; Astronomy
    Type: International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2012 Annual Report; Hall, David; 189; NASA/TP-2013-217511
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Near minimum-time attitude maneuvers for large, inherently-flexible space structures with finite fuel supplies are investigated. The open loop maneuver is determined with the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, which optimizes a bang-off-bang control parameter set for the given maneuver. Torque smoothing is used to prevent discontinuities in the control which would excite the flexible structure. Additional system dynamics such as thruster inefficiency, spring forces and pressure leaks are identified from preliminary experiments on the ASTREX test article.
    Keywords: ASTRODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3714 , In: AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Monterey, CA, Aug. 9-11, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A93-51301 22-63); p. 127-137.
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Estimation techniques in a modified binomial distribution, developed to describe thunderstorm activity over a small area at Cape Kennedy, Florida, are compared. A compound model is also developed and compared with the original model. The minimum Chi square technique is compared with the maximum likelihood and method of moments techniques. The minimum Chi square technique, although useful in complicated models, compared poorly compared to the other techniques. The maximum likelihood and method of moments were comparable. The compound model fit better in every case based on a likelihood ratio test comparing the compound model with the modified binomial model using maximum likelihood estimators.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2280 , M110
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Doses of heavy particles at positions inside the command modules of Apollo missions 8, 12, 14, and 16 correlate well with the calculated effects of solar modulation of the primary cosmic radiation. Differences in doses at different stowage positions indicate that the redistribution of mass within the spacecraft could enhance safety from the biological damage that would otherwise be expected on manned, deep-space missions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Science; 181; Aug. 3
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The atmospheric mixing ratios of CCl2F2 (F-12) and CCl3F (F-11) increase abruptly up to 14 ppt (F-12) and 8 ppt (F-11) after strong cold fronts pass and decrease abruptly after warm fronts pass at a semicontinuous monitoring station near Pullman, WA (46 deg 42 min N, 117 deg 10 min W). It is concluded that air masses from higher latitudes (above 60 deg N) can have F-12 and/or F-11 concentrations as much as 5 percent higher than mid-latitude air masses. Conversely, nitrous oxide shows no significant changes during frontal passages and is uniformly distributed between air masses.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1100-110
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