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  • Articles  (372)
  • 2010-2014  (372)
  • Geosciences  (372)
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  • Articles  (372)
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  • 1
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    Chemical and microbiological properties of clam processing wastes in relation to national guidelines for wastes as soil additives (2010)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-01
    Description: With environmental concerns on the rise, clam processing plants in New Brunswick are being asked to dispose of waste shells in an environmental friendly manner. A previous study on clam processing wastes (CPW) showed their potential as an agricultural liming agent. However, CPW must meet provincial (e.g., New Brunswick and Québec) and national (e.g., Canada and United States of America) standards for the utilization of wastes as soil additives, particularly with regard to heavy metal and faecal coliform contamination, before they may be spread on agricultural lands. In this study, the chemical and microbiological properties of CPW were characterized. The presence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in the CPW was below the most probable number (MPN) method detection limit (〈 3 MPN g-1 dry weight), indicating an absence of contamination by human or animal feces. Where total coliforms were detected, levels were far below the most restrictive standard for faecal coliforms (1000 MPN g-1, dry weight). Levels of all 11 heavy metals of interest were also below the most restrictive standards applied in New Brunswick and Québec, and below those in the national guidelines (Canada and United States of America). The liming potential of CPW, demonstrated in pot experiments, may therefore be tested in Canada as well as in the United States of America at the field conditions without restrictions, other than the conventional good agricultural practices.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 2
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    Sources of electron pitch angle anisotropy in the magnetotail plasma sheet (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-13
    Description: [1]  We survey the properties of electron pitch angle distributions in the magnetotail plasma sheet at a distance between 15 and 19 R E from the Earth, using data from the Cluster PEACE instrument. We limit our survey to those pitch angle distributions measured when the IMF had been steadily northward or steadily southward for the previous three hours. We find that, at sub-keV energies the plasma sheet electron pitch angle distribution has an anisotropy such that there is a higher differential energyflux of electrons in the (anti-) field-aligned directions. Fitting the measured pitch angle distributions with both a single and two component kappa distribution reveals that this anisotropy is the result of the presence of a second, cold, component of electrons that is observed more often than not, and occurs during both the northward and southward IMF intervals. We present evidence that suggests the cold electron component has an ionospheric, rather than magnetosheath, source and is linked tothe large scale field aligned current systems that couple the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    The 5 September 2012 Nicoya, Costa Rica Mw 7.6 earthquake rupture process from joint inversion of high-rate GPS, strong-motion, and teleseismic P wave data and its relationship to adjacent plate boundary interface properties (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-04
    Description: [1]  On 5 September 2012, a large thrust earthquake (M w 7.6) ruptured a densely-instrumented seismic gap on the shallow-dipping plate boundary beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. Ground motion recordings directly above the rupture zone provide a unique opportunity to study the detailed source process of a large shallow megathrust earthquake using very nearby land observations. Hypocenter relocation using local seismic network data indicates that the event initiated with small emergent seismic waves from a hypocenter ~10 km offshore, 13 km deep on the megathrust. A joint finite-fault inversion using high-rate GPS, strong-motion ground velocity recordings, GPS static offsets, and teleseismic P waves reveals that the primary slip zone (slip 〉 1 m) is located beneath the peninsula. The rupture propagated down-dip from the hypocenter with a rupture velocity of ~3.0 km/s. The primary slip zone extends ~70 km along strike and ~30 km along dip, with an average slip of ~2 m. The associated static stress drop is ~3 MPa. The seismic moment is 3.5 x 10 20  Nm, giving M w  = 7.6. The co-seismic large-slip patch directly overlaps an onshore inter-seismic locked region indicated by geodetic observations, and extends down-dip to the intersection with the upper plate Moho. At deeper depths, below the upper plate Moho, seismic tremor and low frequency earthquakes have been observed. Most tremor locates in adjacent areas of the megathrust that have little co-seismic slip; a region of prior slow slip deformation to the southeast also has no significant co-seismic slip or aftershocks. An offshore locked patch indicated by geodetic observations does not appear to have experienced co-seismic slip, and aftershocks do not overlap this region, allowing the potential for a comparable size rupture offshore in the future.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    K/Pg Extinction: Re-evaluation of the Heat/Fire Hypothesis (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: ABSTRACT [1]  The global debris layer created by the end-Cretaceous impact at Chicxulub contained enough soot to indicate that the entire terrestrial biosphere had burned. Preliminary modeling showed that the reentry of ejecta would have caused a global infrared pulse sufficient to ignite global fires within a few hours of the Chicxulub impact. This heat pulse and subsequent fires explain the terrestrial survival patterns in the earliest Paleocene, since all the surviving species were plausibly able to shelter from heat and fire underground or in water. But new models of the global infrared heat pulse, as well as the absence of charcoal, and the presence of noncharred organic matter, have been said to be inconsistent with the idea of global fires that could have caused the extinctions. It was suggested that the soot in the debris layer originated from the impact site itself because the morphology of the soot, the chain length of PAH's, and the presence of carbon cenospheres were said to be inconsistent with burning the terrestrial biosphere. These assertions are either incorrect or have alternate explanations that are consistent with global firestorms. We show that the apparent charcoal depletion in the K-Pg layer has been misinterpreted due to a failure to correct properly for sediment deposition rates. We will also show that the mass of soot potentially released from the impact site is far too low to supply the observed soot. But global firestorms are consistent with both data and modeling. © 2013 American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Complementary Slip Distributions of the Largest Earthquakes in the 2012 Brawley Swarm, Imperial Valley, California (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: [1]  We investigate the finite rupture processes of two M 〉 5 earthquakes in the 2012 Brawley swarm by joint inversion of nearby strong motion and high-rate GPS data. Waveform inversions up to 3Hz were made possible by using a small event (M w 3.9) for path calibration of the velocity structure. Our results indicate that the first (M w 5.3) event ruptured a strong, concentrated asperity with offsets of ~20 cm centered at a depth of 5 km. The subsequent M w 5.4 event occurred 1.5 hours later with a shallower slip distribution that surrounds and is complementary to that of the earlier event. The second event has a longer rise time and weaker high frequency energy release compared to the M w 5.3 event. Both events display strong rupture directivity towards southwest and lack of very shallow (〈2 km) co-seismic slip. The hypocenters for these events appear to be near or in the bedrock, but most of the slip is distributed at shallower depths (〈6 km) and can explain a large part of the GPS offsets for the swarm. The complementary slip distributions of the two events suggest a triggering relationship between them with no significant creep needed to explain the various data sets.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    DOUBLE CORONA STRUCTURES IN 18TH CENTURY PORCELAIN (1st PATENT BOW, LONDON, mid-1740s): A RECORD OF PARTIAL MELTING AND SUBSOLIDUS REACTIONS (2012)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-06
    Description: Double corona structures separating relict glass frit from metakaolinite in a teapot lid excavated from the Bow porcelain factory site in Stratford, east London record a history of partial melting and subsequent subsolidus reaction between the quenched melt phase and metakaolinite. The sample has an aluminous-siliceous-calcic composition consistent with1 st patent (1744) Bow porcelain. This patent specified a ceramic paste containing an alkali-lime glass frit and kaolin. The glass behaved as an alkali delivery system to the clayey matrix of the ware. Diffusion of alkalis commenced at subsolidus temperatures (probably in the glass transition), rendering the relict frit relatively refractory. Partial melting subsequently occurred near the interface between the relict frit particles and the fluxed clayey matrix. This created inner, quenched melt (glass) coronas on the frit, now represented by symplectic intergrowths of a silica polymorph, diopside ± pseudowollastonite. The outer edge of the glass coronas served as a crystallization front from which calcic plagioclase (~An 62 ) microlites grew, extracting CaO from the coronal glass as they advanced into the metakaolinite matrix, gradually consuming it. These outer, labradorite coronas are porous, suggesting that this was a subsolidus process. Unlike soluble alkali carbonates used in some other porcelain pastes, the glass frit represented a point source of fluxing components. The proportion, composition, grain size, and distribution of this phase therefore controlled the melt fertility of the paste on a domainal scale in this sample.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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  • 7
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    A 20 year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: A new record of sea surface temperature (SST) for climate applications is described. This record provides independent corroboration of global variations estimated from SST measurements made in situ. Infrared imagery from Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSRs) is used to create a 20 year time series of SST at 0.1° latitude-longitude resolution, in the ATSR Reprocessing for Climate (ARC) project. A very high degree of independence of in situ measurements is achieved via physics-based techniques. Skin SST and SST estimated for 20 cm depth are provided, with grid cell uncertainty estimates. Comparison with in situ data sets establishes that ARC SSTs generally have bias of order 0.1 K or smaller. The precision of the ARC SSTs is 0.14 K during 2003 to 2009, from three-way error analysis. Over the period 1994 to 2010, ARC SSTs are stable, with better than 95% confidence, to within 0.005 K yr−1 (demonstrated for tropical regions). The data set appears useful for cleanly quantifying interannual variability in SST and major SST anomalies. The ARC SST global anomaly time series is compared to the in situ-based Hadley Centre SST data set version 3 (HadSST3). Within known uncertainties in bias adjustments applied to in situ measurements, the independent ARC record and HadSST3 present the same variations in global marine temperature since 1996. Since the in situ observing system evolved significantly in its mix of measurement platforms and techniques over this period, ARC SSTs provide an important corroboration that HadSST3 accurately represents recent variability and change in this essential climate variable.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Temporal evolution and electric potential structure of the auroral acceleration region from multispacecraft measurements (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-06
    Description: Bright aurorae can be excited by the acceleration of electrons into the atmosphere in violation of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Modeling studies predict that the accelerating electric potential consists of electric double layers at the boundaries of an acceleration region but observations suggest that particle acceleration occurs throughout this region. Using multispacecraft observations from Cluster, we have examined two upward current regions on 14 December 2009. Our observations show that the potential difference below C4 and C3 changed by up to 1.7 kV between their respective crossings, which were separated by 150 s. The field-aligned current density observed by C3 was also larger than that observed by C4. The potential drop above C3 and C4 was approximately the same in both crossings. Using a novel technique of quantitively comparing the electron spectra measured by Cluster 1 and 3, which were separated in altitude, we determine when these spacecraft made effectively magnetically conjugate observations, and we use these conjugate observations to determine the instantaneous distribution of the potential drop in the AAR. Our observations show that an average of 15% of the potential drop in the AAR was located between C1 at 6235 km and C3 at 4685 km altitude, with a maximum potential drop between the spacecraft of 500 V, and that the majority of the potential drop was below C3. Assuming a spatial invariance along the length of the upward current region, we discuss these observations in terms of temporal changes and the vertical structure of the electrostatic potential drop and in the context of existing models and previous single- and multispacecraft observations.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    U–Pb and Hf isotopic data from Franklinian Basin strata: insights into the nature of Crockerland and the timing of accretion, Canadian Arctic Islands (2012)
    National Research Council Canada (NRC)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-19
    Description: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 1-13, e-First articles.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4077
    Electronic ISSN: 1480-3313
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by National Research Council Canada (NRC)
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  • 10
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    Evolution of dike opening during the March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: . [1]  The5-9 March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption along the east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, followed months of pronounced inflation at Kīlauea summit. We examine dike opening during and after the eruption using acomprehensiveinterferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data set in combination with continuous GPS data. We solve for distributed dike displacements usinga whole-Kīlauea model with dilating rift zonesand possiblya deep décollement. Modeledsurface dike opening increased from nearly 1.5 m to over 2.8 m from the first day to the end of the eruption, in agreement with field observations of surface fracturing. Surface dike opening ceased following the eruption, but subsurface opening in the dike continued into May 2011. Dike volumes increased from 15, to 16, to 21million cubic meters (MCM) after the first day, eruption end, and two months following, respectively. Dike shape is distinctive, with a main limb plunging from the surface to 2-3 km depth in the up-rift direction towards Kīlauea's summit, and a lesser projection extending in the down-rift direction towards Puʻu ʻŌʻōat 2 km depth. Volume losses beneath Kīlaueasummit (1.7 MCM) and Puʻu ʻŌʻō(5.6 MCM) crater,relative to dike plus erupted volume (18.3MCM), yield a dike to source volume ratio of 2.5 that is in the range expected for compressible magma without requiringadditional sources. Inflation of Kīlauea's summit in the months before the March 2011 eruption suggests that the Kamoamoa eruption resulted from overpressure of the volcano's magmatic system.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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