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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is the prototypical member of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate cellular responses to thrombin and related proteases. Thrombin irreversibly activates PAR1 by cleaving the amino-terminal exodomain of the receptor, which exposes a tethered peptide ligand that binds the heptahelical bundle of the receptor to affect G-protein activation. Here we report the 2.2 A resolution crystal structure of human PAR1 bound to vorapaxar, a PAR1 antagonist. The structure reveals an unusual mode of drug binding that explains how a small molecule binds virtually irreversibly to inhibit receptor activation by the tethered ligand of PAR1. In contrast to deep, solvent-exposed binding pockets observed in other peptide-activated G-protein-coupled receptors, the vorapaxar-binding pocket is superficial but has little surface exposed to the aqueous solvent. Protease-activated receptors are important targets for drug development. The structure reported here will aid the development of improved PAR1 antagonists and the discovery of antagonists to other members of this receptor family.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531875/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531875/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Cheng -- Srinivasan, Yoga -- Arlow, Daniel H -- Fung, Juan Jose -- Palmer, Daniel -- Zheng, Yaowu -- Green, Hillary F -- Pandey, Anjali -- Dror, Ron O -- Shaw, David E -- Weis, William I -- Coughlin, Shaun R -- Kobilka, Brian K -- HL44907/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL65590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL044907/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065185/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):387-92. doi: 10.1038/nature11701. Epub 2012 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation/genetics ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Lactones/chemistry/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control ; Protein Conformation ; Pyridines/chemistry/pharmacology ; Receptor, PAR-1/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry/classification ; Receptors, Thrombin
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-04-05
    Description: Current human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccines elicit strain-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies arise in approximately 20% of HIV-1-infected individuals, and details of their generation could provide a blueprint for effective vaccination. Here we report the isolation, evolution and structure of a broadly neutralizing antibody from an African donor followed from the time of infection. The mature antibody, CH103, neutralized approximately 55% of HIV-1 isolates, and its co-crystal structure with the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 revealed a new loop-based mechanism of CD4-binding-site recognition. Virus and antibody gene sequencing revealed concomitant virus evolution and antibody maturation. Notably, the unmutated common ancestor of the CH103 lineage avidly bound the transmitted/founder HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, and evolution of antibody neutralization breadth was preceded by extensive viral diversification in and near the CH103 epitope. These data determine the viral and antibody evolution leading to induction of a lineage of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, and provide insights into strategies to elicit similar antibodies by vaccination.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637846/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637846/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liao, Hua-Xin -- Lynch, Rebecca -- Zhou, Tongqing -- Gao, Feng -- Alam, S Munir -- Boyd, Scott D -- Fire, Andrew Z -- Roskin, Krishna M -- Schramm, Chaim A -- Zhang, Zhenhai -- Zhu, Jiang -- Shapiro, Lawrence -- NISC Comparative Sequencing Program -- Mullikin, James C -- Gnanakaran, S -- Hraber, Peter -- Wiehe, Kevin -- Kelsoe, Garnett -- Yang, Guang -- Xia, Shi-Mao -- Montefiori, David C -- Parks, Robert -- Lloyd, Krissey E -- Scearce, Richard M -- Soderberg, Kelly A -- Cohen, Myron -- Kamanga, Gift -- Louder, Mark K -- Tran, Lillian M -- Chen, Yue -- Cai, Fangping -- Chen, Sheri -- Moquin, Stephanie -- Du, Xiulian -- Joyce, M Gordon -- Srivatsan, Sanjay -- Zhang, Baoshan -- Zheng, Anqi -- Shaw, George M -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- Kepler, Thomas B -- Korber, Bette T M -- Kwong, Peter D -- Mascola, John R -- Haynes, Barton F -- AI067854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI100645/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI050410/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI100645/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):469-76. doi: 10.1038/nature12053. Epub 2013 Apr 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. hliao@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Africa ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Antigens, CD4/chemistry/immunology ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Clone Cells/cytology ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epitopes/chemistry/immunology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; HIV Antibodies/*chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; HIV-1/*chemistry/classification/*immunology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; Phylogeny ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are eukaryotic integral membrane proteins that modulate biological function by initiating cellular signalling in response to chemically diverse agonists. Despite recent progress in the structural biology of GPCRs, the molecular basis for agonist binding and allosteric modulation of these proteins is poorly understood. Structural knowledge of agonist-bound states is essential for deciphering the mechanism of receptor activation, and for structure-guided design and optimization of ligands. However, the crystallization of agonist-bound GPCRs has been hampered by modest affinities and rapid off-rates of available agonists. Using the inactive structure of the human beta(2) adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) as a guide, we designed a beta(2)AR agonist that can be covalently tethered to a specific site on the receptor through a disulphide bond. The covalent beta(2)AR-agonist complex forms efficiently, and is capable of activating a heterotrimeric G protein. We crystallized a covalent agonist-bound beta(2)AR-T4L fusion protein in lipid bilayers through the use of the lipidic mesophase method, and determined its structure at 3.5 A resolution. A comparison to the inactive structure and an antibody-stabilized active structure (companion paper) shows how binding events at both the extracellular and intracellular surfaces are required to stabilize an active conformation of the receptor. The structures are in agreement with long-timescale (up to 30 mus) molecular dynamics simulations showing that an agonist-bound active conformation spontaneously relaxes to an inactive-like conformation in the absence of a G protein or stabilizing antibody.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074335/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074335/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenbaum, Daniel M -- Zhang, Cheng -- Lyons, Joseph A -- Holl, Ralph -- Aragao, David -- Arlow, Daniel H -- Rasmussen, Soren G F -- Choi, Hee-Jung -- Devree, Brian T -- Sunahara, Roger K -- Chae, Pil Seok -- Gellman, Samuel H -- Dror, Ron O -- Shaw, David E -- Weis, William I -- Caffrey, Martin -- Gmeiner, Peter -- Kobilka, Brian K -- 50GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM56169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM75915/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- M083118/PHS HHS/ -- NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM75913/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P60DK-20572/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068603/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS028471-20/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):236-40. doi: 10.1038/nature09665.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Drug Inverse Agonism ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Procaterol/chemistry/metabolism ; Propanolamines/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-24
    Description: Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be identified, exerts many of its physiological actions via activation of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Although the five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) share a high degree of sequence homology, they show pronounced differences in G-protein coupling preference and the physiological responses they mediate. Unfortunately, despite decades of effort, no therapeutic agents endowed with clear mAChR subtype selectivity have been developed to exploit these differences. We describe here the structure of the G(q/11)-coupled M3 mAChR ('M3 receptor', from rat) bound to the bronchodilator drug tiotropium and identify the binding mode for this clinically important drug. This structure, together with that of the G(i/o)-coupled M2 receptor, offers possibilities for the design of mAChR subtype-selective ligands. Importantly, the M3 receptor structure allows a structural comparison between two members of a mammalian GPCR subfamily displaying different G-protein coupling selectivities. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that tiotropium binds transiently to an allosteric site en route to the binding pocket of both receptors. These simulations offer a structural view of an allosteric binding mode for an orthosteric GPCR ligand and provide additional opportunities for the design of ligands with different affinities or binding kinetics for different mAChR subtypes. Our findings not only offer insights into the structure and function of one of the most important GPCR families, but may also facilitate the design of improved therapeutics targeting these critical receptors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529910/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529910/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kruse, Andrew C -- Hu, Jianxin -- Pan, Albert C -- Arlow, Daniel H -- Rosenbaum, Daniel M -- Rosemond, Erica -- Green, Hillary F -- Liu, Tong -- Chae, Pil Seok -- Dror, Ron O -- Shaw, David E -- Weis, William I -- Wess, Jurgen -- Kobilka, Brian K -- GM56169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083118/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 22;482(7386):552-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/chemistry/metabolism ; Allosteric Site ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Radioligand Assay ; Rats ; Receptor, Muscarinic M3/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Scopolamine Derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Tiotropium Bromide
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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