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  • 1
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    Note on R&D expenditures and fixed capital formation (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-22
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
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    Scaling of conductivity and Young’s modulus in replicated microcellular materials (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-14
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Vesta, vestoids, and the HED meteorites: Interconnections and differences based on Dawn Framing Camera observations (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: [1]  The Framing Camera (FC) on the Dawn spacecraft provided the first view of 4 Vesta at sufficiently high spatial resolution to enable a detailed correlation of the asteroid's spectral properties with geologic features and with the vestoid (V-type) asteroids and the Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED) class of meteorites, both of which are believed to originate on Vesta. We combine a spectral analysis of the basin with visible and near-IR spectroscopy of vestoids and with archived data over the same spectral range for HED meteorites. The vestoids are only slightly more akin to the Rheasilvia basin than to Vesta as a whole, suggesting that the crustal material ejected is a well-mixed collection of eucritic and diogenitic materials. The basin itself is more diogenitic, implying Vesta is differentiated and the impact that created Rheasilvia uncovered a mineralogically distinct layer. The Rheasilvia basin exhibits a larger range in pyroxene band strengths than Vesta as a whole, further implying that the basin offers a view into a complex, differentiated protoplanet. The discrepancy between the spectral properties of the HED meteorites and Vesta, in particular the meteorites’ deeper pyroxene absorption band and the redder color of the vestoids, can be explained by the abundance of smaller particles on Vesta and the addition of low-albedo exogenous particles to its surface, which in turn are due to its larger gravity and longer exposure time to impact processing. Solar phase effects are slight, and do not explain the spectral discrepancies between the HEDs, Vesta, and the vestoids.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    α-Tocopherol regulates ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes from rats fed a high-fat diet (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: α -Tocopherol ( α -Toc) is involved in various physiologic processes, which present antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. High-fat diets have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatment with α -Toc and the consumption of high-fat diets on ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats. Animals were divided into four different groups, which received standard diet (control), high-fat saturated diet (HF), α -Toc and high-fat saturated diet plus α -Toc ( α -Toc + HF). High-fat saturated diet was administered ad libitum and α -Toc by gavage using a dose of 50 mg·kg –1 . After 3 months of treatment, animals were submitted to euthanasia, and cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were collected for biochemical assays. Results showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were decreased in HF in comparison to the other groups ( P  〈 0·05). When rats that received HF were treated with α -Toc, the activity of the ectonucleotidases was similar to the control. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were increased in the α -Toc group when compared with the other groups ( P  〈 0·05). These findings demonstrated that the HF alters the purinergic signaling in the nervous system and that the treatment with α -Toc was capable of modulating the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in this experimental condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0263-6484
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0844
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Improved understanding of the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms applied to the water distribution design problem (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied successfully to many water resource problems, such as system design, management decision formulation, and model calibration. The performance of an EA with respect to a particular problem type is dependent on how effectively its internal operators balance the exploitation/exploration trade-off to iteratively find solutions of an increasing quality. For a given problem, different algorithms are observed to produce a variety of different final performances, but there have been surprisingly few investigations into characterizing how the different internal mechanisms alter the algorithm's searching behavior, in both the objective and decision space, to arrive at this final performance. This paper presents metrics for analyzing the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms, a particular type of EA, for the optimal water distribution system design problem, which is a classical NP-hard problem in civil engineering. Using the proposed metrics, behavior is characterized in terms of three different attributes: (1) the effectiveness of the search in improving its solution quality and entering into optimal or near-optimal regions of the search space, (2) the extent to which the algorithm explores as it converges to solutions, and (3) the searching behavior with respect to the feasible and infeasible regions. A range of case studies is considered, where a number of ant colony optimization variants are applied to a selection of water distribution system optimization problems. The results demonstrate the utility of the proposed metrics to give greater insight into how the internal operators affect each algorithm's searching behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    A Kinetic Study of Thermal Decomposition of Limestone Using In Situ High Temperature X-Ray Powder Diffraction (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-29
    Description: The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of a limestone and, simultaneously, of the lime growth have been investigated during isothermal treatments by means of in situ High Temperature X-Ray Powder Diffraction. In particular, four grain sizes of a quarry limestone with differences in terms of mineralogical composition (dolomite content), chemical composition ( Fe and Mg amounts), and texture, have been studied. The lime produced during the isothermal treatments was then examined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. In all samples, limestone decomposition starts with dolomite dissociation, followed by calcite decomposition. Rather than particle size, limestone texture, and dolomite content seem to be the most important factors controlling the starting temperature of calcination and its kinetic behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    α-Tocopherol regulates ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes from rats fed a high-fat diet (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-02
    Description: α -Tocopherol ( α -Toc) is involved in various physiologic processes, which present antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. High-fat diets have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatment with α -Toc and the consumption of high-fat diets on ectonucleotidase activities in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats. Animals were divided into four different groups, which received standard diet (control), high-fat saturated diet (HF), α -Toc and high-fat saturated diet plus α -Toc ( α -Toc + HF). High-fat saturated diet was administered ad libitum and α -Toc by gavage using a dose of 50 mg·kg –1 . After 3 months of treatment, animals were submitted to euthanasia, and cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were collected for biochemical assays. Results showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were decreased in HF in comparison to the other groups ( P  〈 0·05). When rats that received HF were treated with α -Toc, the activity of the ectonucleotidases was similar to the control. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum were increased in the α -Toc group when compared with the other groups ( P  〈 0·05). These findings demonstrated that the HF alters the purinergic signaling in the nervous system and that the treatment with α -Toc was capable of modulating the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in this experimental condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0263-6484
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0844
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Small fresh impact craters on asteroid 4 Vesta – a compositional and geological fingerprint (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Small morphologically fresh impact craters (〈10 km in diameter) on Vesta's surface with a photometrically distinct ejecta blanket are expected to represent fresh surface material, and thus provide the opportunity to study the composition of the unweathered surface. Dawn-FC and VIR data reveal impact craters with bright, dark, as well as mixed, i.e. partly bright and dark, ejecta existing on Vesta's surface, which not only differ in the visible albedo from their surroundings but also in their composition. Differences in the composition are related to the visible albedo and/or the geographic location of the impact craters. Bright ejecta, only seen in the southern Vestan hemisphere, are dominated by howardite/eucrite-like material as expected for Vesta's upper crust. Dark ejecta associated with dark impact craters are dominated by a strongly absorbing, spectrally neutral compound, supporting an origin from carbon-rich impactors. Few impact craters of intermediate albedo in Vesta's southern hemisphere contain material resembling diogenites, which are expected to exist in the deeper parts of Vesta's interior. The geological settings suggest that the diogenite-like material represents a part of a layer of diogenitic material surrounding the Rheasilvia basin or local concentrations of diogenitic material as part of the ejecta excavated during the latter stage of the Rheasilvia impact event. The spectral differences between eucrite- and diogenite-dominated materials also could be verified due to spin-forbidden absorptions in the visible spectral range, which are known from laboratory spectra of pyroxenes, but, which have been identified in the VIR spectra of Vesta for the first time.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Improved understanding of the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms applied to the water distribution design problem (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: [1]  Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied successfully to many water resource problems, such as system design, management decision formulation, and model calibration. The performance of an EA with respect to a particular problem type is dependent on how effectively its internal operators balance the exploitation/exploration trade-off to iteratively find solutions of an increasing quality. For a given problem, different algorithms are observed to produce a variety of different final performances, but there have been surprisingly few investigations into characterizing how the different internal mechanisms alter the algorithm's searching behavior, in both the objective and decision space, to arrive at this final performance. This paper presents metrics for analyzing the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms, a particular type of EA, for the optimal water distribution system design problem, which is a classical NP-hard problem in civil engineering. Using the proposed metrics, behavior is characterized in terms of three different attributes: (1) the effectiveness of the search in improving its solution quality and entering into optimal or near-optimal regions of the search space, (2) the extent to which the algorithm explores as it converges to solutions, and (3) the searching behavior with respect to the feasible and infeasible regions. A range of case studies is considered, where a number of ant colony optimization variants are applied to a selection of water distribution system optimization problems. The results demonstrate the utility of the proposed metrics to give greater insight into how the internal operators affect each algorithm's searching behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Antipodal terrains created by the Rheasilvia basin forming impact on asteroid 4 Vesta (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-17
    Description: [1]  The Rheasilvia impact on asteroid 4 Vesta may have been sufficiently large to create disrupted terrains at the impact antipode. This paper investigates the amount of deformation expected at the Rheasilvia antipode using numerical models of sufficient resolution to directly observe terrain modification and material displacements following the arrival of impact stresses. We find that the magnitude and mode of deformation expected at the impact antipode is strongly dependent on both the sound speed and porosity of Vesta's mantle, as well as the strength of the Vestan core. In the case of low mantle porosities and high core strengths we predict the existence of a topographic high (a peak) caused by the collection of spalled and uplifted material at the antipode. Observations by NASA's Dawn spacecraft cannot provide definite evidence that large amounts of deformation occurred at the Rheasilvia antipode, largely due to the presence of younger large impact craters in the region. However, a deficiency of small craters near the antipodal point suggests that some degree of deformation did occur.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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