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  • Geological Society of London  (16)
  • American Meteorological Society  (12)
  • Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
  • 2010-2014  (28)
  • 1
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    Evolution of the west Greenland margin: offshore thermostratigraphic data and modelling (2012)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: The origin and age of topography along the west Greenland margin is a matter of continued debate. Evidence for tectonically driven Neogene uplift has been argued from interpretations of offshore seismic surveys, onshore fission-track data and inferred episodes of cooling. Here, analysis of seismic reflection profiles and 1D modelling of exploration wells along the Greenland margin of Davis Strait demonstrate that the data are consistent with a model of ancient continental topography affected by late Cretaceous–early Palaeocene rifting followed by thermal subsidence where offshore Neogene tectonic uplift is not required. This interpretation for the offshore evolution of the west Greenland margin has implications for the adjacent onshore evolution and for other continental margins developed throughout the Atlantic–Arctic rift system.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 2
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    Geochemical evolution of Dalradian metavolcanic rocks: implications for the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent (2011)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-01
    Description: Neoproterozoic basaltic magmatism in the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland and Ireland was associated with the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Magmas were erupted in rift-related basins along a strike length of at least 700 km and during a time period of c. 80 Ma. New major and trace element analyses of metabasalts from several formations are presented to trace the variations in magma compositions in time and space. The primary magmas resulted from variable degrees of mixing of melts derived from mantle sources similar to those of normal and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts; some younger lavas also show evidence of contamination with continental crust. In contrast to speculations about magmatism elsewhere in Rodinia, the evidence here suggests that there was no involvement of a mantle plume in basalt generation. For example, the Scottish promontory of Laurentia drifted rapidly southwards through c. 25{degrees} over the duration of the magmatism, with no evidence of significant elevation above sea level, as might be expected from involvement of a plume. Generation of the primary magmas might have taken place predominantly through decompression melting in depleted upper mantle containing enriched streaks and blobs. Both the Dalradian lithostratigraphy and the metabasaltic compositions are consistent with extreme lithospheric stretching and possibly rupture during the earliest phase of magmatism, whereas generation of later magmatism appears to have been associated with major fault systems, possibly on a foundering continental margin. Supplementary materialChemical analyses of Dalradian metavolcanic rocks (major elements recalculated to 100%, anhydrous) are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18468.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 3
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    Geochemical evolution of Dalradian metavolcanic rocks: implications for the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent (2011)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-31
    Description: : Neoproterozoic basaltic magmatism in the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland and Ireland was associated with the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Magmas were erupted in rift-related basins along a strike length of at least 700 km and during a time period of c . 80 Ma. New major and trace element analyses of metabasalts from several formations are presented to trace the variations in magma compositions in time and space. The primary magmas resulted from variable degrees of mixing of melts derived from mantle sources similar to those of normal and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts; some younger lavas also show evidence of contamination with continental crust. In contrast to speculations about magmatism elsewhere in Rodinia, the evidence here suggests that there was no involvement of a mantle plume in basalt generation. For example, the Scottish promontory of Laurentia drifted rapidly southwards through c . 25° over the duration of the magmatism, with no evidence of significant elevation above sea level, as might be expected from involvement of a plume. Generation of the primary magmas might have taken place predominantly through decompression melting in depleted upper mantle containing enriched streaks and blobs. Both the Dalradian lithostratigraphy and the metabasaltic compositions are consistent with extreme lithospheric stretching and possibly rupture during the earliest phase of magmatism, whereas generation of later magmatism appears to have been associated with major fault systems, possibly on a foundering continental margin. Supplementary material: Chemical analyses of Dalradian metavolcanic rocks (major elements recalculated to 100%, anhydrous) are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18468 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of environmental impact on historical stone masonry through on-site monitoring appraisal (2013)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-26
    Description: This paper presents the design and application of an environmental monitoring system on the historical site of Odda’s Chapel in Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, UK, and the determination of hygroscopic behaviour of the original building materials to obtain long-term moisture content variation. The monitoring system provides a comprehensive profile of hygrothermal conditions in the walls at the locations where moisture conditions are potentially causing decay and damage. The system makes use of temperature and relative humidity sensing technology placed on the wall construction, providing continuous data including rainfall, wind-driven rain and runoff rain measurements. The relative merits and results of the designed system are evaluated and discussed, as well as the implications of its application in the conservation of historical structures. The environmental monitoring results show general deterioration in the shell of the building. Internal wall surface measurements are essential for the documentation of wall interior response and should be conducted across the wall section at several locations. The fact that 91% of in-wall recorded relative humidity (RH) values are greater than 75% RH throughout the monitoring period demonstrates the need for measures to conserve this historical stone masonry.
    Print ISSN: 1470-9236
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 5
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    Long-term exhumation of a Palaeoproterozoic orogen and the role of pre-existing heterogeneous thermal crustal properties: a fission-track study of SE Baffin Island (2013)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-26
    Description: New apatite fission-track data from SE Baffin Island exhibit central ages that range from just under 200 Ma to 440 Ma, and mean track lengths that vary between c . 12 and 13.3 µm. First-order analysis of the data (a plot of central age v. mean track length) reveals an approximate ‘boomerang’ trend, typical of samples that have experienced contemporaneous cooling from an array of initial temperatures. One-dimensional inverse thermal modelling of single samples suggests that cooling through the partial annealing zone ( c . 120–60 °C) occurred over discrete periods ranging from 100 to 300 Ma. Modelling the 3D exhumation of a heterogeneous crust with flat topography demonstrates that some of the variability in observed fission-track ages could be attributed to heterogeneity in crustal heat production and thermal conductivity. The remaining variability in the observed dataset is attributed here to differential erosion from a variable initial topography. However, age discontinuities over short distances require other explanations such as faulting and/or unidentified compositional effects. Collectively, these results suggest that the observed data are consistent with a simple exhumation scenario where the present-day high topography is a remnant of that created during Palaeoproterozoic orogenies. The new data do not require any recent (Cenozoic) periods of exhumation. Supplementary material: Data locations, and isotopic and petrographic results are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18657 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 6
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    A Weibull Approach for Improving Climate Model Projections of Tropical Cyclone Wind-Speed Distributions (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-07
    Description: Reliable estimates of future changes in extreme weather phenomena, such as tropical cyclone maximum wind speeds, are critical for climate change impact assessments and the development of appropriate adaptation strategies. However, global and regional climate model outputs are often too coarse for direct use in these applications, with variables such as wind speed having truncated probability distributions compared to those of observations. This poses two problems: How can model-simulated variables best be adjusted to make them more realistic? And how can such adjustments be used to make more reliable predictions of future changes in their distribution? This study investigates North Atlantic tropical cyclone maximum wind speeds from observations (1950–2010) and regional climate model simulations (1995–2005 and 2045–55 at 12- and 36-km spatial resolutions). The wind speed distributions in these datasets are well represented by the Weibull distribution, albeit with different scale and shape parameters. A power-law transfer function is used to recalibrate the Weibull variables and obtain future projections of wind speeds. Two different strategies, bias correction and change factor, are tested by using 36-km model data to predict future 12-km model data (pseudo-observations). The strategies are also applied to the observations to obtain likely predictions of the future distributions of wind speeds. The strategies yield similar predictions of likely changes in the fraction of events within Saffir–Simpson categories—for example, an increase from 21% (1995–2005) to 27%–37% (2045–55) for category 3 or above events and an increase from 1.6% (1995–2005) to 2.8%–9.8% (2045–55) for category 5 events.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    Reply to “Comments on ‘A Simple, Coherent Framework for Partitioning Uncertainty in Climate Predictions’” (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    A Simple, Coherent Framework for Partitioning Uncertainty in Climate Predictions (2011)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    A Multimodel Assessment of Future Projections of North Atlantic and European Extratropical Cyclones in the CMIP5 Climate Models* (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-06
    Description: The response of North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones to climate change is investigated in the climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In contrast to previous multimodel studies, a feature-tracking algorithm is here applied to separately quantify the responses in the number, the wind intensity, and the precipitation intensity of extratropical cyclones. Moreover, a statistical framework is employed to formally assess the uncertainties in the multimodel projections. Under the midrange representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) emission scenario, the December–February (DJF) response is characterized by a tripolar pattern over Europe, with an increase in the number of cyclones in central Europe and a decreased number in the Norwegian and Mediterranean Seas. The June–August (JJA) response is characterized by a reduction in the number of North Atlantic cyclones along the southern flank of the storm track. The total number of cyclones decreases in both DJF (−4%) and JJA (−2%). Classifying cyclones according to their intensity indicates a slight basinwide reduction in the number of cyclones associated with strong winds, but an increase in those associated with strong precipitation. However, in DJF, a slight increase in the number and intensity of cyclones associated with strong wind speeds is found over the United Kingdom and central Europe. The results are confirmed under the high-emission RCP8.5 scenario, where the signals tend to be larger. The sources of uncertainty in these projections are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Simple Uncertainty Frameworks for Selecting Weighting Schemes and Interpreting Multimodel Ensemble Climate Change Experiments (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: Future climate change projections are often derived from ensembles of simulations from multiple global circulation models using heuristic weighting schemes. This study provides a more rigorous justification for this by introducing a nested family of three simple analysis of variance frameworks. Statistical frameworks are essential in order to quantify the uncertainty associated with the estimate of the mean climate change response. The most general framework yields the “one model, one vote” weighting scheme often used in climate projection. However, a simpler additive framework is found to be preferable when the climate change response is not strongly model dependent. In such situations, the weighted multimodel mean may be interpreted as an estimate of the actual climate response, even in the presence of shared model biases. Statistical significance tests are derived to choose the most appropriate framework for specific multimodel ensemble data. The framework assumptions are explicit and can be checked using simple tests and graphical techniques. The frameworks can be used to test for evidence of nonzero climate response and to construct confidence intervals for the size of the response. The methodology is illustrated by application to North Atlantic storm track data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble. Despite large variations in the historical storm tracks, the cyclone frequency climate change response is not found to be model dependent over most of the region. This gives high confidence in the response estimates. Statistically significant decreases in cyclone frequency are found on the flanks of the North Atlantic storm track and in the Mediterranean basin.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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