Publication Date:
2011-04-27
Description:
The prostaglandin and leukotriene families of lipid mediators are formed via two distinct biosynthetic pathways that are initiated by the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by either cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), respectively. The 5-LOX product 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, however, can also serve as an efficient substrate for COX-2, forming a bicyclic diendoperoxide with structural similarities to the arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 [Schneider C, et al. (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:720–721]. Here we identify two cyclic hemiketal (HK) eicosanoids, HKD2 and HKE2, as the major nonenzymatic rearrangement products of the diendoperoxide using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses as well as UV and NMR spectroscopy. HKD2 and HKE2 are furoketals formed by spontaneous cyclization of their respective 8,9-dioxo-5S,11R,12S,15S-tetrahydroxy- or 11,12-dioxo-5S,8S,9S,15S-tetrahydroxy-eicosadi-6E,13E-enoic acid precursors, resulting from opening of the 9S,11R- and 8S,12S-peroxide rings of the diendoperoxide. Furthermore, the diendoperoxide is an efficient substrate for the hematopoietic type of prostaglandin D synthase resulting in formation of HKD2, equivalent to the enzymatic transformation of PGH2 to PGD2. HKD2 and HKE2 were formed in human blood leukocytes activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore A23187, and biosynthesis was blocked by inhibitors of 5-LOX or COX-2. HKD2 and HKE2 stimulated migration and tubulogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells, implicating a proangiogenic role of the hemiketals in inflammatory sites that involve expression of 5-LOX and COX-2. Identification of the highly oxygenated hemiketal eicosanoids provides evidence for a previously unrecognized biosynthetic cross-over of the 5-LOX and COX-2 pathways.
Print ISSN:
0027-8424
Electronic ISSN:
1091-6490
Topics:
Biology
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
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