ALBERT

Description: Current models of landscape response to Holocene climate change in midcontinent North America largely reconcile Earth orbital and atmospheric climate forcing with pollen-based forest histories on the east and eolian chronologies in Great Plains grasslands on the west. However, thousands of sand dunes spread across 12,000 km2 in eastern upper Michigan (EUM), more than 500 km east of the present forest-prairie ecotone, present a challenge to such models. We use 65 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages on quartz sand deposited in silt caps (n = 8) and dunes (n = 57) to document eolian activity in EUM. Dune building was widespread ca. 10–8 ka, indicating a sharp, sustained decline in forest cover during that period. This decline was roughly coincident with hydrologic closure of the upper Great Lakes, but temporally inconsistent with most pollen-based models that imply canopy closure throughout the Holocene. Early Holocene forest openings are rarely recognized in pollen sums from EUM because faint signatures of non-arboreal pollen are largely obscured by abundant and highly mobile pine pollen. Early Holocene spikes in nonarboreal pollen are recorded in cores from small ponds, but suggest only a modest extent of forest openings. OSL dating of dune emplacement provides a direct, spatially explicit archive of greatly diminished forest cover during a very dry climate in eastern midcontinent North America ca. 10–8 ka.

Description: Fault rocks can function as barriers to subsurface fluid flow and affect the storage of CO2 in geological structures. Even though flow across faults often involves more than one fluid phase, it is typically modeled using only single-phase functions due to a lack of fault rock relative permeability data and complexities in incorporating two-phase flow properties into flow simulations. Here we present two-phase fluid flow data for cataclastic fault rocks in porous sandstone from the 90-Fathom fault (northeast England). The study area represents a field analogue for North Sea saline aquifers of Permian–Triassic age that are currently being considered for CO2 storage. We use the experimental data to populate a synthetic model of a faulted saline aquifer to assess the impact of these fault rocks on CO2 injection. We show that even fault rocks with low clay contents and very limited quartz cementation can act as major baffles to the flow of a non-wetting phase if realistic two-phase properties are taken into account. Consequently, pressure may increase far more rapidly in the storage compartment during CO2 injection than anticipated based on models that only incorporate absolute fault rock permeabilities. To avoid high pressures, which may lead to hydrofracturing and CO2 leakage, either more complex injection strategies need to be adopted or seismic data acquired to ensure the absence of faults in aquifers selected for CO2 storage.

Description: Along the Middle America Trench in southern Costa Rica, flat slab subduction of the aseismic Cocos Ridge has uplifted and exposed the outer forearc, shortened the Térraba forearc basin sequence in the inner forearc (i.e., the Fila Costeña thrust belt), and uplifted the magmatic arc. The Osa Peninsula, an outer forearc high ~20 km inboard of the Middle America Trench and ~3 km to ~10 km above the plate interface at its trenchward edge, is deforming in response to variations in the bathymetry of the subducting aseismic Cocos Ridge where relief locally exceeds 1 km. Modern topography of the Osa Peninsula, elevation of the basement rocks (Early to Middle Tertiary Osa mélange), elevations of Quaternary marine deposits (Marenco formation), and distribution of late Quaternary uplift rates directly mirror the bathymetry on the Cocos Ridge outboard of the Middle America Trench. Rates of late Quaternary uplift are calculated from eight new radiocarbon ages, five new optically stimulated luminescence ages, and 10 previously published radiocarbon ages. Rates of uplift range from 1.7 m/k.y. to 8.5 m/k.y. The Osa Peninsula is fragmented into small (~5 km), independently deforming blocks bounded by trench-parallel and trench-perpendicular, subvertical, normal and reverse faults that extend down to the plate interface, allowing for greatly different deformation histories over short distances. Quaternary deformation on the Osa Peninsula is modeled as a thin, outer-margin wedge that deforms in response to subduction of short-wavelength, high-relief asperities on the downgoing plate. Permanent deformation is largely accomplished by simple shear on a complex array of subvertical faults that allow the upper plate to adjust to variations in the slope of incoming ridges and seamounts. Currently, permanent deformation of the outer forearc does not appear to involve significant subhorizontal shortening of the margin wedge, although the global positioning system velocity field records elastic shortening related to locking of the plate interface. Permanent uplift and uplift rates in the outer forearc in southern Costa Rica are driven, to the first order, by the bathymetry associated with the subducting Cocos Ridge and not by the basal shear stress on the plate interface.

Description: New geochronologic and geomorphic constraints on the Little Lake fault in the Eastern California shear zone reveal steady, modest rates of dextral slip during and since the mid-to-late Pleistocene. We focus on a suite of offset fluvial landforms in the Pleistocene Owens River channel that formed in response to periodic interaction with nearby basalt flows, thereby recording displacement over multiple time intervals. Overlap between 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages for the youngest intracanyon basalt flow and 10 Be surface exposure dating of downstream terrace surfaces suggests widespread channel incision during a prominent outburst flood through the Little Lake channel at ca. 64 ka. Older basalt flows flanking the upper and lower canyon margins indicate localization of the Owens River in its current position between 212 ± 14 and 197 ± 11 ka. Coupled with terrestrial light detection and ranging (lidar) and digital topographic measurements of dextral offset, the revised Little Lake chronology indicates average dextral slip rates of at least ~0.6–0.7 mm/yr and 〈1.3 mm/yr over intervals ranging from ~10 4 to 10 5 yr. Despite previous geodetic observations of relatively rapid interseismic strain along the Little Lake fault, we find no evidence for sustained temporal fluctuations in slip rates over multiple earthquake cycles. Instead, our results indicate that accelerated fault loading may be transient over much shorter periods (~10 1 yr) and perhaps indicative of time-dependent seismic hazard associated with Eastern California shear zone faults.

Description: In this paper, stratigraphy, geochronology, and geologic mapping are used to characterize a sequence of Quaternary deposits associated with edifice failure of Barú Volcano, which, together with balanced cross sections, illustrate the upper plate’s response to along-strike variations in subduction properties that occur across the tear in the subducting slab located at the Panama fracture zone. The subducting Panama fracture zone is an active transform that separates disparate styles of subduction between the thick, rapid, and flat subduction of the Cocos plate to the west and the thinner, more oblique, and steeper subduction of the Nazca plate to the east. We focus on the arc-forearc region above the Cocos-Nazca slab tear, where both the Fila Costeña inner forearc fold-and-thrust belt and the exhumed Cordillera de Talamanca terminate along strike to the southeast. The Fila Costeña thrust belt imbricates an Eocene–late Miocene forearc basin sequence with up to 40 km of shortening inboard of Cocos plate subduction and crosscuts a sequence of Pleistocene and younger volcano-sedimentary units on the southwestern flanks of the active Barú Volcano at its southeastern termination. These units, constrained in age by radiocarbon dating ( n = 11), soil color, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ( n = 5) data, include a sequence of late Pleistocene to Holocene debris-avalanche and lahar deposits. Landscape morphology, the areal distribution of units, and new shortening estimates from balanced cross sections collectively suggest that the southeastern termination of the Fila Costeña thrust belt actively propagates to the southeast coeval with migration of the Panama triple junction. The prevailing map pattern suggests that the forearc’s response to southeastward migration of the slab tear varies with distance to the trench. In contrast to deformation patterns in the outermost forearc, plate-boundary tractions associated with shallow subduction and Cocos-Caribbean convergence are more influential in the development of arc-forearc deformation than either oblique subduction of the ~2 km bathymetric scarp, or right-lateral shear, which both occur astride the subducting Panama fracture zone.

Description: The Jim Sage volcanic suite (JSVS) exposed in the Jim Sage and Cotterel Mountains of southern Idaho (USA) consists of two volcanic members composed of ~240 km 3 of Miocene rhyolite lavas separated by an interval of lacustrine sediments. It is capped by rheomorphic ignimbrite and as much as 100 m of basaltic lava flows probably derived from the central Snake River Plain (SRP) province to the north. The occurrence of volcanic vents in the JSVS links the lava flows to their local eruptive centers, while the adjacent Albion–Raft River–Grouse Creek metamorphic core complex exposes ~3000 km 2 of once deep-seated rocks that offer constraints on the composition of the potential crustal sources of these rhyolites. U-Pb zircon ages from the rhyolite lavas of the JSVS range from 9.5 to 8.2 Ma. The Miocene basalt of the Cotterel Mountains has an 87 Sr/ 86 Sr i composition of 0.7066–0.7075 and Nd (i) = –3.7, and the rhyolite lavas of the JSVS have 87 Sr/ 86 Sr i = 0.7114–0.7135 and Nd (i) values that range from –6.7 to –7.1. Zircon from the rhyolites of the JSVS range in 18 O zr (Vienna standard mean ocean water, VSMOW) from –0.5 to 5.7 and have Hf (i) values ranging from –0.8 to –6.8. Based on geochronology, whole-rock major elements, trace elements, isotopes (Sr and Nd), and in situ zircon O and Hf isotopic compositions, we infer that the JSVS is genetically related to the central SRP province. The eruption of the low- 18 O rhyolites of the JSVS, outside of the main topographic extent of the SRP province (without the large calderas inferred for the SRP rhyolites) implies that there might be an alternative mechanism for the formation of the low- 18 O signature other than the proposed assimilation of hydrothermally altered caldera blocks. One suggestion is that the north to south propagation of SRP-type low- 18 O rhyolitic melt along the Albion fault led to off-axis magmatism. Another possibility is that there was prior and widespread (across a region wider than the SRP) hydrothermal alteration of the crust related to its earlier magmatic and faulting history. The eruption of SRP-type lavas in the hanging wall of an evolving metamorphic core complex helps us outline the role of the SRP magmatic province in the extensional evolution of the northeastern Basin and Range. The lavas of the JSVS imply the addition of basalt, related to the SRP hotspot, to the crust beneath the Raft River Basin that provided a heat source for crustal melting and weakening of the deep crust; this led to a vertical component of crustal flow and doming during extension, after the eruption of the 9.5–8.2 Ma JSVS rhyolites. This younger than 8.2 Ma component of vertical motion during faulting of the Miocene stratified sequence of the Raft River Basin and the rotation of the Albion fault to shallower angles collectively resulted in the subhorizontal detachment structure imaged seismically beneath the Raft River Basin.

Description: Landscape denudation in actively deforming mountain ranges is controlled by a combination of rock uplift and surface runoff induced by precipitation. Whereas the relative contribution of these factors is important to our understanding of the evolution of orogenic topography, no consensus currently exists concerning their respective influences. To address this question, denudation rates at centennial to millennial time scales were deduced from 10 Be concentrations in detrital sediments derived from 30 small basins (10–600 km 2 ) in an ~200-km-wide region in central Nepal. Along a northward, strike-perpendicular transect, average denudation rates sharply increase from 〈0.5 mm/yr in the Lesser Himalayas to ~1 mm/yr when crossing the Physiographic Transition, and then accelerate to 2–3 mm/yr on the southern flank of the high peaks in the Greater Himalayas. Despite a more than five-fold increase in denudation rate between the southern and northern parts of this transect, the corresponding areas display similar precipitation rates. The primary parameter that presents a significant co-variation with denudation is the long-term rock-uplift rate that is interpreted to result from the ramp-flat transition along the Main Himalayan Thrust. We propose that, in this rapidly uplifting mountain range, landscapes adjust quickly to changing climatic conditions, such that denudation is mainly limited by the rate at which material is pushed upward by tectonic processes and made available for removal by surface processes. In this particular context, variations in precipitation appear to have only a second-order role in modulating the denudation signal that is primarily set by the background rock-uplift rate.

Description: In each of the four seasons 1926 to 1929 samples of certain of the Broadbalk wheats were milled, and the straight-run flours tested in the bakehouse.The results given in the text show that the nitrogen contents of the wheats were increased consistently only by the heaviest nitrogenous treatments. The baking tests, however, showed that increased protein content was not necessarily accompanied by improved baking quality. In none of the crops was unsoundness of grain or inadequate gas production during fermentation a factor in the poor quality observed in many of the flours.

Description: Summary1. Partial regression equations representing the average drainage observed in any month in terms of the temperature and rainfall of that month, and including terms representing the mean secular rate of change of the drainage discharge and of its regression coefficients on rainfall and temperature, have been fitted to the thirty-six series of observations provided by the three Rothamsted drain gauges in the twelve months of the year.2. An account is given of adequate and direct numerical methods of handling equations involving observed quantities, and chosen functions of them, as independent variates, and of calculating standard errors appropriate to the several sorts of comparison which are to be made.3. In the absence of direct knowledge of the amount of water contained from time to time in the soil mass of the gauge it has been customary to assume that the lower average drainage of the summer months is directly due to a greater amount of evaporation taking place in these months. The results of the present enquiry direct attention to a second possibility, namely that the water content of the gauges differs considerably at different times of the year, and that the high drainage in winter is in part to be ascribed to the accumulation of water during the rainy months of autumn, while the lower drainage in summer is due to the partial depletion of the gauges during the lower rainfall of the spring months.

Description: In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 are rare. Where found, they provide insight into how the coupling of the ocean–atmosphere system is manifested in biotic and environmental records and how the biosphere responds to climate change. In 2010–2011, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) revealed a nearly continuous, lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between ~140 and 55 ka, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site also contained thousands of well-preserved bones of late Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5.