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  • Articles
  • Other Sources  (754)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (754)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1975-1979  (754)
  • 1
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    Ionosphere of Venus - First observations of the effects of dynamics on the dayside ion composition (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data obtained by Bennett radio-frequency ion mass spectrometers indicate that the ionosphere envelope, dominated above 200 km by O(+), responds dramatically to variations in the solar wind pressure. The pressure compresses the thermal ion distributions from heights as great as 1800 km inward to 280 km. At the thermal ion boundary, or ionopause, the ambient ions are swept away by the solar wind, while at higher altitudes energetic ion currents are detected. Within the ionosphere, ion convection stimulated by the solar wind interaction causes pass-to-pass differences in the ion scale heights.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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  • 2
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    The Viking X ray fluorescence experiment - Analytical methods and early results (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ten samples of the Martian regolith have been analyzed by the Viking lander X ray fluorescence spectrometers. Because of high-stability electronics, inclusion of calibration targets, and special data encoding within the instruments the quality of the analyses performed on Mars is closely equivalent to that attainable with the same instruments operated in the laboratory. Determination of absolute elemental concentrations requires gain drift adjustments, subtraction of background components, and use of a mathematical response model with adjustable parameters set by prelaunch measurements on selected rock standards. Bulk fines at both Viking landing sites are quite similar in composition, implying that a chemically and mineralogically homogeneous regolith covers much of the surface of the planet. Important differences between samples include a higher sulfur content in what appear to be duricrust fragments than in fines and a lower iron content in fines taken from beneath large rocks than those taken from unprotected surface material. Further extensive reduction of these data will allow more precise and more accurate analytical numbers to be determined and thus a more comprehensive understanding of elemental trends between samples.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 3
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    The geology of the Viking Lander 1 site (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Stereo pictures show that Viking Lander 1 landed on volcanic terrain of undulating topography in the plains of Chryse. The bedrock is exposed along several ridge crests, and blocks are more numerous than can be attributed to impact ejecta. The presence of a variety of rock types suggests in situ weathering of extrusive and near-surface basaltic igneous rocks along a linear volcanic vent. Fine-grained sediment is present in drift complexes and isolated drifts. A small patch of fine-grained sediment slumped down one of the drift faces during the course of the Viking mission. Otherwise, no other morphological changes unrelated to spacecraft activity have been observed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 4
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    Video Guidance, Landing, and Imaging system (VGLIS) for space missions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of an autonomous video guidance system that is capable of observing a planetary surface during terminal descent and selecting the most acceptable landing site was demonstrated. The system was breadboarded and "flown" on a physical simulator consisting of a control panel and monitor, a dynamic simulator, and a PDP-9 computer. The breadboard VGLIS consisted of an image dissector camera and the appropriate processing logic. Results are reported.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132574
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Inorganic analyses of Martian surface samples at the Viking landing sites (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Elemental analyses of fines in the Martian regolith at two widely separated landing sites, Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia, produced remarkably similar results. At both sites, the uppermost regolith contains abundant Si and Fe, with significant concentrations of Mg, Al, S, Ca, and Ti. The S concentration is one to two orders of magnitude higher, and K (less than 0.25% by weight) is at least 5 times lower than the average for earth's crust. The trace elements Sr, Y, and possibly Zr have been detected at concentrations near or below 100 parts per million. Pebble-sized fragments sampled at Chryse contain more S than the bulk fines and are thought to be pieces of a sulfate-cemented duricrust.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 6
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    Report of the Terrestrial Bodies Science Working Group. Volume 7: The Galilean satellites (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The formational and evolutionary history of natural satellites, their mineralogical composition and other phenomena of scientific interest are discussed. Key scientific questions about IO, Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa are posed and the measurements and instruments required for a Galilean satellite lander in the 1980's are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-155183 , JPL-PUB-77-51-VOL-7
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  • 7
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    Feldspathic granulitic impactites and pre-final bombardment lunar evolution (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is suggested that feldspathic granulitic impactites, which are characterized by a high model plagioclase content of between 70 and 80%, all formed in the period after consolidation of the lunar crust and before the final bombardment. The granulitic impactites contain essentially no KREEP component, which suggests that KREEP appeared on the lunar surface mostly after the formation of the granulitic impactites, at about the start of the final bombardment. The granulite metamorphism indicated by the matrix textures of these samples requires 1000 C temperatures for prolonged periods of time. The apparent sequence of formation is granulitic impactites before the final bombardment, crystalline-matrix breccias during the final bombardment, and vitric-matrix breccias after the final bombardment. The sequence is consistent with a described thermal model of breccia lithification and with characteristics of the decay of the meteorite flux rate.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 14, 1977 - Mar 18, 1977; Houston, TX
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  • 8
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    The Venus ionosphere and solar wind interaction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the chemistry, dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus is reviewed together with the nature of the solar wind-Venus interaction. Because of the weak, though perhaps not negligible, intrinsic magnetic field of Venus, the mutual effects between these regions are probably strong and unique in the solar system. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Bus and Orbiter experiments to provide the required data to answer the questions outstanding is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 9
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    Dynamics, winds, circulation and turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 10
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    Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Mars Atomic Oxygen 1304-A Emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: Selected results are presented for an analysis of Mariner 9 1304-A data from the first 100 passes. Based on a comparison of limb data, the exospheric temperature appears lower on several Mariner 9 passes than when Mariner 6 and 7 encountered the planet in 1969. Temperatures of 300 and 350 K are considered in the atmospheric modeling. At 300 K, derived values of the atomic oxygen concentration are typically between 0.5 and 1 percent of the total density at 135 km, based on fitting theoretical intensities to limb data from several passes. Structure in the limb data below 200 km suggests the possibility that approximately 0.2 kR of the observed approximately 0.8 kR near 150 km is due to dissociative excitation of CO2. There is variability in limb profiles indicating changes in the O distribution with time. The variability does not appear to follow a recognizable pattern. Interpretation of the 1304-A disc data shows a correlation in intensity with the 10.7 cm solar flux and larger O concentrations in the afternoon than in the morning. The correlation in intensity with the 10.7 cm flux is probably due largely to variation in the solar 1304-A fluxes. Selected disc data show localized and random enhancements in the intensity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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