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  • Articles  (6)
  • Chitinase  (2)
  • Diptera  (2)
  • Ectomycorrhizae  (2)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition deterring pheromone in Rhagoletis cerasi: Biological activity of a pure single compound verified in semi-field test (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis cerasi ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; behavior ; semi-field bioassay ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmenden Reinigungsschritten am Rohextrakt des Markierungspheromones (ODP) der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi L., und zunehmenden Reinheitsgrad des aktiven Prinzipes nimmt die Menge an Substanz ab, welche sowohl für die chemische Analyse wie auch die Prüfung der biologischen Aktivität zur Verfügung steht. Beim Vorliegen einer nicht mehr wägbaren Menge eines reinen Stoffes im Sommer 1985, welcher als ein Palmityl-glucopyranosid identifiziert werden konnte (Hurter et al., 1987), musste deshalb auf den üblichen Verhaltenstest im Labor verzichtet und ein neuer Lösungsansatz gefunden werden. Nachdem ein erster elektrophysiologischer Test positive Resultate gezeight hatte, wurde die Fraktion Nr. 2634 in einem grossen Freilandkäfig mit Kirschenpflanzen und natürlichen Früchten in einem Verhaltenstest auf ihre biologische Wirksamkeit geprüft. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Resultate zeigen nicht nur, dass mit dem Palmityl-glucopyranosid eine ähnliche Wirkung erzielt wurde wie mit natürlichen ODP, sondern zum erstenmal konnte demonstriert werden, dass in R. cerasi und möglicherweise in andern Fruchtfliegenarten eine einzelne chemische Substanz eine eiablagehemmende Wirkung ausüben kann.
    Notes: Abstract A pure single compound, a palmityl-glucopyranoside identified as component of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of the European cherry fruit fly was evaluated with respect to its biological activity by means of a semi-field bioassay in a large field-cage with host plants. The comparison of the observed behaviors of flies exposed to clean cherries, to cherries treated with a standard ODP solution and with the pure compound revealed that palmityl-glucopyranoside elicited the same response as did the crude ODP solution. Irritation indices are described that seem to be of use for the characterization of cherry fruit fly behavior in the presence and absence of ODP. The advantages of the field-cage test over the standard laboratory tests are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343620
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition deterring pheromone in Rhagoletis cerasi: Behavioral laboratory test to measure pheromone activity (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis cerasi ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; behavior test ; purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einer einleitenden Übersicht über den heutigen Stand der Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der eiablage-hemmenden Pheromone (ODP) bei Fruchtfliegen und insbesondere der Kirschenfliege wird der verbesserte Verhaltenstest beschrieben, welcher für den halb-quantitativen Nachweis von ODP-Aktivität entwickelt worden ist. Im laufenden interdisziplinären Forschungsprogramm an der Eidg. Forschungsanstalt Wädenswil wird versucht, durch enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Biologe, Chemiker und Elektrophysiologe das ODP der Kirschenfliege möglichst mit geringem Anteil an Verunreinigung einzusammeln, zu reinigen und einer chemischen Identifikation der ODP Komponenten zugänglich zu machen. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Verhaltenstests werden diskutiert und die Empfindlichkeit des Verfahrens mittels einer Konzentrationsreihe von Pheromonextrakt aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract Current investigations concerning the identification of the chemical nature of the oviposition deterring pheromone of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L., are conducted in an interdisciplinary research program by combining chemistry with behavioral evaluation. The methods used to collect and evaluate the pheromone by an improved semi-quantitative behavior test are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414504
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191535
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021068
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chitinase in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum: regulation and localization (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 177 (1989), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Allium (mycorrhiza) ; Chitinase ; Enzyme localization (immunocytochemical) ; Glomus ; Mycorrhiza (vesicular-arbuscular)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) activity was measured in roots of Allium prorrum L. (leek) during development of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Glomus versiforme (Karst.) Berch. During the early stages of infection, between 10 and 20 d after inoculation, the specific activity of chitinase was higher in mycorrhizal roots than in the uninfected controls. However, 60–90 d after inoculation, when the symbiosis was fully established, the mycorrhizal roots contained much less chitinase than control roots. Chitinase was purified from A. porrum roots. An antiserum against beanleaf chitinase was found to cross-react specifically with chitinase in the extracts from non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal A. porrum roots. This antiserum was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme with fluorescent and gold-labelled probes. Chitinase was localized in the vacuoles and in the extracellular spaces of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots. There was no immunolabelling on the fungal cell walls in the intercellular or the intracellular phases. It is concluded that the chitin in the fungal walls is inaccessible to plant chitinase. This casts doubts on the possible involvement of this hydrolase in the development of the mycorrhizal fungus. However, fungal penetration does appear to cause a typical defense response in the first stages that is later depressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392612
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-ordinated regulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in bean leaves (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 174 (1988), S. 364-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chitinase ; Enzyme regulation (ethylene) ; Ethylene (enzyme regulation) ; β-1,3-Glucanase ; Hydrolase (antifungal) ; Phaseolus (ethylene-regulated enzymes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ethylene induced chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) and β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.29) to a similar extent in primary leaves of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Saxa). Both enzymes were purified from ethylene-treated leaves, and monospecific antibodies were raised aginst them. Ethylene treatments strongly increased the amount of immunore-active chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Ethylene enhanced synthesis of chitinase in vivo, as tested by immunoprecipitation after pulse-labelling with [35S]methionine. RNA was isolated from bean leaves and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in vitro. The chitinase and the β-1,3-glucanase antiserum each precipitated a single polypeptide from the translation products. The precipitated polypeptides were 1500 and 4000 daltons larger, respectively, than native chitinase and native β-1,3-glucanase, indicating that the two enzymes were synthesized as precursors in vitro. The translatable mRNAs for both enzymes increased at least tenfold within 2 h in response to a treatment with ethylene. When ethylene was withdrawn after 8 h of incubation, the translatable mRNAs for both enzymes decreased somewhat more slowly, reaching the basal level about 25 h later. In all cases, there was a close correlation between the levels of translatable mRNA for chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. A putative β-1,3-glucanase cDNA clone, pCH16, was isolated by hybrid-selected translation. The amount of β-1,3-glucanase mRNA, as measured by RNA blot analysis using pCH16 as a probe, increased rapidly in response to ethylene and decreased again after withdrawal of ethylene, indicating that the amount of hybridizable RNA and of translatable mRNA for β-1,3-glucanase were correlated. In conclusion, the results indicate that chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase are regulated co-ordinately at the level of mRNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00959522
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