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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The aggregation pheromone ofIps duplicatus and its role in competitive interactions withI. typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: competition ; inhibition ; sex-ratio ; mass-at-tack model ; ipsdienol ; E-myrcenol ; cis-verbenol ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ips duplicatus withI. typographus co-inhabiting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) would benefit from a pheromone blend distinct from that of the larger competitorI. typographus. GC-MS analysis showed thatI. duplicatus males feeding in the host produced ipsdienol (Id),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt), andE-myrcenol (EM) and traces of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB).I. duplicatus produced Id in approximately racemic form (48.9-54.5% (+)-(S)-isomer). The amounts of Id and EM released over a 9 day period had a maximum of 250 and 5 ng/h/male, respectively, on day 2. Exposure ofI. duplicatus males to myrcene and α-pinene resulted in the production of small amounts of Id, cV, tV, Mt, andtrans-pinocarveol, but not of EM. In laboratory bioassays with walking beetles, the pheromone component Id alone was weakly attractive while EM was inactive, but in binary combination with Id strongly synergized attraction. A combination of EM and Id at a release rate equivalent to 100–200 males was more attractive in the field than 70 unmated males in a spruce log. The addition of myrcene ( a suggested pheromone precursor of Id) to Id did not enhance trap caches, while addition of EM increased catches 〉 10-fold. Subtracting EM from a blend of Id, EM, cV and MB drastically reduced trap catches while subtraction of cV or MB or both had no significant effect. Addition of EM over a wide concentration range to the synthetic pheromone ofI. typographus did not reduce the attraction of females of this species in the laboratory. A two-species pheromone interaction field test releasingI. typographus pheromone components (MB + cV) at 10–1000 male equivalents (ME) andI. duplicatus pheromone (Id + EM) at 0, 10–1000 ME in all possible combinations showed both positive intraspecific dose-response effects and an interspecific inhibition. Higher release rates of EM appeared to inhibitI. typographus, especially males. In a tree colonization model, the response of the two competing species to their respective pheromones show a good separation during the mass-attack with a small initial cross-attraction. It remains to be shown whether either of the two pheromone systems have in fact evolved in the present sympatry, or if they are an incidental effect of ancestry of these phylogenetically distantIps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01370137
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of bark beetles,Tomicus piniperda,Hylurgops palliatus, andTrypodendron domesticum and other insects to short-chain alcohols and monoterpenes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2385-2402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant selection ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Nitidulidae ; Rhizophagidae ; Calliphoridae ; Diptera ; semiochemical ; monoterpenes ; methanol ; ethanol ; propanol ; terpinolene ; α-pinene ; 3-carene ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several Scandinavian forest insects,Hylurgops palliatus, Tomicus piniperda, andTrypodendron domesticum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) andPollenia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were attracted to window traps baited with ethanol and placed on Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) in May–June, 1986. Release of ethanol at increasing relative rates of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 (800 mg/day) from the window traps on trees in 1987 causedH. palliatus, T. domesticum, andR. ferrugineus to be increasingly attracted, whileT. piniperda was equally attracted at both 0.1 and 1.0 rates. The attraction ofT. piniperda to ethanol was weak compared to attraction to a monoterpene mix, (±)-α-pinene, (+)-3-carene, terpinolene. The terpene mix plus ethanol was significantly more attractive toH. palliatus than ethanol alone, but terpenes significantly reduced the attraction ofT. domesticum to ethanol. Baiting of pipe traps with a series of short-chain alcohols (methanol to hexanol) each alone showed that ethanol was greatly preferred byH. palliatus, T. domesticum, andR. ferrugineus over alcohols of one more or one less carbon, while longer-chain alcohols were not attractive. However,Glischrochilus hortensis (Col.: Nitidulidae) was attracted only to propanol. A series of 10-fold increasing release rates of ethanol (0.0001-1.0, where 1.0=800 mg/day) with either a “low” or “high” release of the terpene mix had various effects on the sexes during their attraction to pipe traps and subsequent entering of holes. Release of (−)-verbenone at 0.25 mg/day had no significant effect onH. palliatus orR. ferrugineus attraction to ethanol, but the response ofT. domesticum to ethanol was reduced. Several theories on olfactory mechanisms of host selection byT. piniperda are integrated and placed in ecological perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984957
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal fractionation and bioassay plans for isolation of synergistic chemicals: The subtractive-combination method (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1603-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; semiochemical ; behavioral bioassay ; chemical isolation ; gas chromatography ; chemical fractionation ; Synergist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of chemical ecology of an organism are founded on the isolation and identification of a semiochemical, often comprised of two or more synergistic compounds (each Synergist alone has little activity, but presented together they are bioactive). Chromatographie fractionation and bioassay methods of binary splitting, additive combination, and subtractive combination are compared for efficiency in isolating synergists. Formulas are derived for the latter two methods that calculate the expected number of bioassay tests required for isolation of from two to five synergists from biological extracts with any number of compounds, depending on the number of initial (major) Chromatographic fractions. A computer program based on the formulas demonstrates the superiority of the subtractive-combination method. Simulations with the program were used to determine the optimal number of initial fractions for the additive- and subtractive-combination methods when isolating two to five synergists from extracts of from 25 to 1200 compounds. Methods of bioassay, isolation, identification, and field testing of semiochemicals are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993233
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex-specific maternal investment in pronghorn, and the question of a limit on differential provisioning in ungulates (1990)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 26 (1990), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Prediction that mothers will invest more in individual sons than daughters in polygynous mammals has been confirmed in several species. However, among polygynous ungulates, differential investment occurs in some species, but not in others. Because ungulates have postnatal growth rates among the highest in mammals, we hypothesized that level of maternal investment limits the ability of offspring of one sex to evolve faster growth rates, even when intrasexual selection might favor faster growth. We predicted that comparative rate of maternal investment would explain the distribution of differential investment among ungulates, and examined our data on pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), which show the highest-known rate of maternal investment among ungulates. Data on birth weights, suckling rates, ages-pecific frequency of maternal termination of suckling bouts, age at weaning, and rate of rejected suckle attempts showed either no sex differences or else a slight excess investment in daughters. In concordance with these data, female fawns spent more energy in activity than did male fawns. Among ungulates for which data are available, the best predictor of differential investment is not degree of adult sexual dimorphism; it is comparative rate of maternal investment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172082
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of pheromone synergists of bark beetle,Pityogenes chalcographus, from complex insect-plant odors by fractionation and subtractive-combination bioassay (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 861-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pityogenes chalcographus ; methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate ; chalcogran ; Picea abies ; synergist ; subtractive-combination bioassay ; two-dimensional fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Capillary gas chromatography with columns of different polarity and two-dimensional fractionation of effluents were used with novel subtrac-tive-combination bioassays to rigorously isolate host- and insect-produced pheromone synergists of the bark beetlePityogenes chalcographus (Coleop-tera: Scolytidae). Methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (E,Z-MD) and the previously identified chalcogran were found to be synergistically attractive to both sexes.E,Z-MD was produced sex-specifically in males, and only when they had fed on host-plant tissue. A Norway spruce monoterpene fraction (including α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene) increased the attractive response to the pheromone components. Dose-response curves forE,Z-MD and chalcogran in the laboratory bioassay indicated the two components are highly synergistic. The isolation methods are important for further progress in identifying certain semiochemical synergists found in trace amounts in complex chemical mixtures, such as when insects must feed in host plants in order to produce pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016496
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation of bark beetlesPityogenes chalcographus andIps typographus to pheromonebaited puddle traps placed in grids: A new trap for control of scolytids (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2297-2316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; pest control ; insect trap ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; mass trapping ; computer simulation ; disruption ; effective catch radius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A puddle trap was designed that is simple to build and efficient in catching bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The trap is insensitive to wind and should be much easier to manufacture than the more complicated perforated pipe and barrier traps commercially available. A 7 × 7 grid of 49 puddle traps baited with aggregation pheromone components ofPityogenes chalcographus (chalcogran and methyl decadienoate) was placed at either 1.5-, 3-, 6-, or 12-m spacing between traps in the field for two or more replicates of one day length (June 1989, Torsby, Sweden). The resulting catches showed that beetles were trapped as they flew into the grid since the inner square-ring of 24 traps caught less beetles per trap than the outer square-ring trap average (36 traps) in most experiments.Ips typographus also landed in puddle traps primarily on the periphery of the grid (6-m spacing only) when traps were baited with its pheromone components, (S)-cis-verbenol and methyl butenol. Computer simulation of flying bark beetles in grids of traps of various spacings and catch radii estimated that the experimental pheromone traps had an effective catch radius of 1.3 m or less forP. chalcographus, depending on the spacing between traps. An effective catch radius of 2 m forI. typographus was found for the 6-m grid spacing.P. chalcographus beetles were increasingly disrupted in their orientation to pheromone at the closer trap spacings since the effective catch radius declined linearly with closer trap spacing. However, landing was still precise since unbaited puddle traps within the grid did not catch any bark beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979665
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in chemical ecology revealed with a personal computer program for searching data bases of scientific references and abstracts (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1481-1495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: BIOSIS Previews ; key word search algorithm ; data base ; reference manager ; word processing ; personal computer software ; semiochemical ; pheromone 1481
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A compiled program, JCE-REFS.EXE (coded in the QuickBASIC language), for use on IBM-compatible personal computers is described. The program converts a DOS text file of current B-I-T-S (BIOSIS Information Transfer System) or BIOSIS Previews references into a DOS file of citations, including abstracts, in a general style used by scientific journals. The latter file can be imported directly into a word processor or the program can convert the file into a random access data base of the references. The program can search the data base for up to 40 text strings with Boolean logic. Selected references in the data base can be exported as a DOS text file of citations. Using the search facility, articles in theJournal of Chemical Ecology from 1975 to 1991 were searched for certain key words in regard to semiochemicals, taxa, methods, chemical classes, and biological terms to determine trends in usage over the period. Positive trends were statistically significant in the use of the words: semiochemical, allomone, allelochemic, deterrent, repellent, plants, angiosperms, dicots, wind tunnel, olfactometer, electrophysiology, mass spectrometry, ketone, evolution, physiology, herbivore, defense, and receptor. Significant negative trends were found for: pheromone, vertebrates, mammals, Coleoptera, Scolytidae,Dendroctonus, lactone, isomer, and calling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993222
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation and equation models of insect population control by pheromone-baited traps (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1939-1956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; pest ; biological control ; insect trap ; personal computer program ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A spatial-temporal model for personal computers is developed that simulates trapping of an insect population based on trap and population parameters that can be varied independently. The model allows individual “insects” to move forward at any step size with right or left turns within any specified angle taken at random. Thex andy axes of the area within which insects move can be varied as well as the number of insects, their flight speed, and the duration of the control period. In addition, the number of pheromonebaited traps, their placement in a grid or at random (with a variable degree of spacing), and their effective catch radius (proportional to pheromone release rate) can also be varied. Simulations showed that catch was similar regardless of whether traps were placed in a grid or practically at random (random placement but no traps were allowed to overlap in their effective catch radii). Iterative equations were developed for computer that can rapidly obtain values that correspond to the mean results from the slower simulation model. Based on a set of input parameters, the equations determine the percentage of the population that should be caught during a specified time, the time required to catch a specified proportion of the insects, and the number of traps necessary to catch the population proportion in the time period. The effects of varying the number of insects, flight speed, trap radius, and number of traps on the percent control or time to catch all insects are presented. Population control of the bark beetleIps typographus was simulated using realistic pheromone trap and population parameters. A discussion of insect and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) population control using pheromone traps is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983798
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  • 9
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    REF-LIST: program to list references found in DOS text files of scientific manuscripts (1992)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-15
    Print ISSN: 0028-1042
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1904
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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