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  • American Physical Society  (108)
  • Springer  (34)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2010-2014  (5)
  • 1995-1999  (137)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical evaluation of molybdenum nitride electrodes in H2SO4 electrolyte (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: molybdenum nitride electrodes ; capacitors ; H2SO4electrolytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical stability of polycrystalline thin film MoxN (x=1 and 2) electrodes deposited on previously nitrided polycrystalline Ti and bare Ti substrates and exposed to 4.4m H2SO4 electrolyte has been investigated. The electrodes were prepared by a temperature programmed procedure involving the reaction of MoO3 films and NH3. Cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance spectroscopy indicated that the range of electrochemical voltage stability in the electrolyte of the MoxN films on nitrided Ti substrates, referenced to a standard hydrogen electrode to be −0.01 to+0.69V. These electrodes had a calculated capacitance of about 315Fcm−3. The MoxN films on Ti substrates were electrochemically stable from −0.01 to +0.67V; however, they contained unconverted MoO2 which acted to reduce the calculated capacitance to about 210Fcm−3. At and above +0.70V and +0.68V on nitrided Ti and Ti substrates, respectively, an electrochemical reaction occurred. The formation of an amorphous phase in the reacted MoxN films was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) showed increases in the atomic concentrations of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur in the reacted films. The voltage bias applied to the electrodes influenced the chemical composition of the reacted films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003460529736
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Ti-containing molecular sieves ETS-10, aluminum-free Ti-β, and TS-1 (1995)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 34 (1995), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ETS-10 ; TS-1 ; Ti-β ; EXAFS ; XANES ; X-ray ; UV ; methanol ; 2-propanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the first structural characterization by Ti K-edge EXAFS and XANES of ETS-10 and aluminum-free Ti-β molecular sieves. A TS-1 sample was also studied for comparison. The near-edge spectrum of TS-1 revealed an intense pre-edge feature characteristic of Ti atoms in tetrahedral coordination. However, the pre-edge peak for ETS-10 was quite small and shifted in energy, which is consistent with the known octahedral structure surrounding Ti atoms in the material. Analysis of the EXAFS for ETS-10 revealed an average Ti-O interatomic distance of 2.00 +- 0.01 Å which is longer than the Ti-O distance (1.95Å) in anatase TiO2. For Ti-β, an intense pre-edge peak is present in the near-edge spectrum and the intensity, energy and width of this peak are the same as for TS-1. In addition, the average Ti-O interatomic distance in Ti-β and TS-1 was 1.80 +- 0.01 Å, which is significantly shorter than the distance measured in ETS-10. The EXAFS and XANES results indicate that the Ti sites in aluminum-free Ti-β are structurally identical to the tetrahedral sites in TS-1. This conclusion is supported by the similarity of the UV absorption thresholds for the two samples. X-ray absorption spectra were also recorded with methanol or 2-propanol adsorbed on the Ti-β and TS-1 molecular sieves. Alcohol adsorption decreased the intensity and broadened the Ti pre-edge peak for both samples, demonstrating a local chemical interaction with the Ti sites. Methanol adsorption lengthened the average Ti-O bond to 1.83 ± 0.01 Å. The similarity of the X-ray absorption spectra for aluminum-free Ti-β and TS-1 in the presence of alcohols suggests that the Ti sites in the two frameworks are chemically indistinguishable for vapor-phase adsorption of alcohols at low concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808327
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and Topographical Surface Modification for Control of Central Nervous System Cell Adhesion (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: surface texturing ; chemical patterning ; nanostructures ; self-assembled monolayers ; cell attachment ; lithography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe methods of fine scale chemical and topographical patterning of silicon substrates and the selected attachment and growth of central nervous system cells in culture. We have used lithography and microcontact printing to pattern surfaces with self-assembled monolayers and proteins. Chemical patterns can be created that localize and guide the growth of cells on the surfaces. Self-assembled surface texturing with structures at the tens of nanometers scale and lithographic based methods at the micrometer scale have been used to produce a variety of surface topographical features. These experiments suggest that surface texture at the scale of tens of nanometers to micrometers can influence the attachment of these cells to a surface and can be used as a mechanism of isolating cells to a particular area on a silicon substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009982306118
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geologic impact of Hurricane Andrew on Everglades coast of southwest Florida (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 25 (1995), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Hurricane ; Storm deposits ; Mangroves ; Preservation potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hurricane Andrew, one of the strongest storms of the century, crossed the southern part of the Florida peninsula on 24 August 1992. Its path crossed the Florida Everglades and exited in the national park across a mangrove-dominated coast onto the shallow, low-energy, inner shelf. The storm caused extensive breakage and defoliation in the mangrove community; full recovery will take decades. It produced no extensive sedimentation unit; only local and ephemeral ebb-surge deposits. The discontinuous shelly storm beach ridge was breached at multiple locations, and it moved landward a few meters. After seven months, there was little geologic indication that the storm had passed. It is likely that the stratigraphic record in this area will not contain any recognizable features of the passage of Hurricane Andrew.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00768543
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. II. Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda) eggs (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 134 (1999), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The copepod Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus is a key component of the planktonic food web in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. In this region, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the water column. The eggs and nauplii of C. finmarchicus are found in this layer. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients for solar ultraviolet-B radiation (280 to 320 nm, UV-B) at various locations in this region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates) of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. This represents a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer are exposed to UV-B radiation. Laboratory experiments using a Xenon-arc-lamp based solar simulator revealed that C. finmarchicus embryos exposed to UV-B exhibited high wavelength-dependent mortality. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths below 312 nm. A significant percentage of nauplii hatched from eggs exposed to these wavelengths exhibited malformations indicative of errors in pattern formation during embryogenesis. At the shorter wavelengths (〈305 nm), UV-B-induced mortality was strongly dependent on cumulative exposure. The biological weighting function (BWF) derived for UV-B-induced mortality in C. finmarchicus eggs is similar to that reported for naked DNA. This suggests that the UV-B-induced mortality effect on C. finmarchicus embryos is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of ultraviolet-A radiation (320 to 400 nm). Calculations based upon the BWF indicate that, under current noon surface irradiance, 50% of C. finmarchicus eggs located at or very near (within 10 cm) the ocean surface will be dead after 2.5 h of exposure. Under solar spectral irradiance simulating a 20% decrease in ozone layer thickness, this time drops to 2.2 h. These are first-order estimates based upon irradiance taken at a time of day during which the values would be maximal. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relative changes in UV-B effects that will result from ozone layer depletions expected over the coming decades. It is also important to point out that variability in cloud cover, water quality, and vertical distribution and displacement within the mixed layer, can all have a greater effect on the flux of UV-B radiation to which C. finmarchicus eggs are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050546
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. I. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 134 (1999), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the water column. The eggs and larvae of several commercially important marine invertebrates and fishes (e.g. Gadus morhua L.) are found in this layer. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients for ultraviolet-B radiation (280 to 320 nm, UV-B) at various locations in this geographic region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates at a given wavelength) of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. This represents a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer are exposed to UV-B radiation. Laboratory experiments using a Xenon-arc-lamp based solar simulator revealed that cod embryos exposed to UV-B exhibited high wavelength-dependent mortality. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths below 312 nm. This susceptibility was also dependent upon developmental stage; mortality was particularly high during gastrulation. At the shorter wavelengths (〈305 nm) UV-B-induced mortality was strongly dose-dependent, and not significantly influenced by dose-rate. The biological weighting function (BWF) derived for UV-B-induced mortality in cod eggs is similar to that reported for naked DNA – suggesting that the mortality is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of ultraviolet-A radiation (320 to 400 nm). Calculations based upon the BWF indicate that, under current noon surface irradiance, 50% of cod eggs located at or very near (within 10 cm) the ocean surface will be dead after 42 h of exposure. Under solar spectral irradiance simulating a 20% decrease in ozone layer thickness, this time drops to 32 h. These are first-order estimates based upon surface irradiance taken at a time of day during which the values would be maximal. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relative changes in UV-B impacts that will result from ozone layer depletions expected over the coming decades. It is also important to point out that variability in cloud cover, water quality, and vertical distribution and displacement of cod eggs and larvae within the mixed layer, can all have a greater effect on the flux of UV-B radiation to which fish eggs are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050545
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution radio images of the symbiotic system R aquarii (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 224 (1995), S. 453-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present MERLIN images of the symbiotic system R Aquarii obtained at 1.7 and 5 GHz. We identify the emission from the binary system and derive a mass loss rate for the Mira that is commensurate with that in typical Miras. We show that variations in the radio emission over the last decade are consistent with the jet model for the system originally presented by Solf (1992). In addition, we calculate the spectral index distribution and find that there is no evidence of non-thermal emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00667901
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct observations of bipolar outflow from HM sagittae (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 224 (1995), S. 457-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: binaries: symbiotic ; radio continuum: stars ; stars: individual: HM Sge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We observed HM Sagittae with theMulti-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) at 6 cm and 18cm. We find non-thermal bipolar outflow in the eastwest direction, associated with optical emission lines, and thermal ridges to the north and south associated with the UV nebulosity detected by the HST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00667903
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of oxidation behaviour of silicon carbide by aluminium implantation (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1995), S. 460-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665902
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards the Construction of Climate Change Scenarios (1999)
    Springer
    Climatic change 41 (1999), S. 547-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Climate impacts assessments need regional scenarios of climate change for a wide range of projected emissions. General circulation models (GCMs) are the most promising approach to providing such information, but as yet there is considerable uncertainty in their regional projections and they are still too costly to run for a large number of emission scenarios. Simpler models have been used to estimate global-mean temperature changes under a range of scenarios. In this paper we investigate whether a fixed pattern from a GCM experiment scaled by global-mean temperature changes from a simple model provides an acceptable estimate of the regional climate change over a range of scenarios. Changes estimated using this approximate approach are evaluated by comparing them with results from ensembles of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Five specific emissions scenarios are considered. For increases in greenhouse gases only, the 'error' in annual mean temperature for the cases considered is smaller than the sampling error due to the model's internal variability. The method may break down for scenarios of stabilisation of concentrations, because the patterns change as the model approaches equilibrium. The inclusion of large local perturbations due to sulphate aerosols can lead to significant deviations of the temperature pattern from that obtained using greenhouse gases alone. Combining separate patterns for the responses to greenhouse gases and aerosols may improve the accuracy of approximation. Finally, the accuracy of the scaling approach is more difficult to assess for deriving changes in regional precipitation because many of the regional changes are not statistically significant in the climate change projections considered here. If precipitation changes are only marginally significant in other models, the apparent disagreement between different models may be as much due to sampling error as to genuine differences in model response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005466909820
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